QUESTION ONEA. Calculate the radiation dose in rem per year (365 days) for the lungs of a weaponsplant employee who inhales and retains an activity of 1.0 µCi Plutonium-239 in anaccident. The mass of the affected lung tissue is 2.0 kg and the Plutonium decaysby emission of a 5.23-MeV alpha particle. Assume a RBE value of 20. B. Francium-223 has a half-life of 21.80 min.i. How many nuclei are initially present in a 25.0-mg sample of Francium-223?ii. What is its initial activity? iii. How many nuclei will be present 1hr and 49 min later?C. A 5.5-kW water heater operates at 240 V.i. Should the heater circuit have a 20A or a 30A circuit breaker?ii. Assuming 85% efficiency, how long will the heater take to heat the water ina 0.2085-m3 tank from 20°C to 80°C? The density of water is 1,000 kg/m3and the specific heat capacity is 4,200 J/kg/°C. D. When ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 400.0 nm falls on a certain metalsurface, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is measured to be1.10 eV. What is the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons in Joules when lightof wavelength 300.0 nm falls on the surface? [10 marks]E. To destroy a cancerous tumor, a dose of gamma radiation totaling an energy of2.12 J is to be delivered in 30.0 days from implanted sealed capsules containingPalladium-103. Assuming that this isotope has a half-life of 17.0 days and emitsgamma rays of energy 21.0 keV, which are entirely absorbed within the tumor,what is the initial activity of the set of capsules, and what total mass of radioactivePalladium should these seeds contain?
Radioactive decay
The emission of energy to produce ionizing radiation is known as radioactive decay. Alpha, beta particles, and gamma rays are examples of ionizing radiation that could be released. Radioactive decay happens in radionuclides, which are imbalanced atoms. This periodic table's elements come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Several of these kinds are stable like nitrogen-14, hydrogen-2, and potassium-40, whereas others are not like uranium-238. In nature, one of the most stable phases of an element is usually the most prevalent. Every element, meanwhile, has an unstable state. Unstable variants are radioactive and release ionizing radiation. Certain elements, including uranium, have no stable forms and are constantly radioactive. Radionuclides are elements that release ionizing radiation.
Artificial Radioactivity
The radioactivity can be simply referred to as particle emission from nuclei due to the nuclear instability. There are different types of radiation such as alpha, beta and gamma radiation. Along with these there are different types of decay as well.
QUESTION ONE
A. Calculate the
plant employee who inhales and retains an activity of 1.0 µCi Plutonium-239 in an
accident. The mass of the affected lung tissue is 2.0 kg and the Plutonium decays
by emission of a 5.23-MeV alpha particle. Assume a RBE value of 20.
B. Francium-223 has a half-life of 21.80 min.
i. How many nuclei are initially present in a 25.0-mg sample of Francium-223?
ii. What is its initial activity?
iii. How many nuclei will be present 1hr and 49 min later?
C. A 5.5-kW water heater operates at 240 V.
i. Should the heater circuit have a 20A or a 30A circuit breaker?
ii. Assuming 85% efficiency, how long will the heater take to heat the water in
a 0.2085-m3 tank from 20°C to 80°C? The density of water is 1,000 kg/m3
and the specific heat capacity is 4,200 J/kg/°C.
D. When ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 400.0 nm falls on a certain metal
surface, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is measured to be
1.10 eV. What is the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons in Joules when light
of wavelength 300.0 nm falls on the surface? [10 marks]
E. To destroy a cancerous tumor, a dose of gamma radiation totaling an energy of
2.12 J is to be delivered in 30.0 days from implanted sealed capsules containing
Palladium-103. Assuming that this isotope has a half-life of 17.0 days and emits
gamma rays of energy 21.0 keV, which are entirely absorbed within the tumor,
what is the initial activity of the set of capsules, and what total mass of radioactive
Palladium should these seeds contain?
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