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- Question -The FDA has authorized the use of direct-to-consumer testing for three mutations in BRCA genes that elevate cancer risk, but cautions that a negative result does not rule out increased cancer risk. How can this be true? A. It is impossible to trust companies that are selling genetic tests. B. They have a conflict of interest, and so the tests should be used for entertainment value only C. These tests are not highly accurate, and false negatives are possible. Individuals with a family history should have a negative result confirmed with a different test to be sure they are truly at low risk of developing cancer There are more ways to get cancer than a mutation in the BRCA gene. D. The test only detects three out of more than 1,000 known BRCA mutations. This means a negative result does not rule out the possibility that an individual carries other BRCA mutations that increase cancer risk..Question:- Protein kinase inhibitors have become a major focus for the development of molecularly targeted cancer therapies. Based on what you know from the development of Gleevec, what are at least two generalizable principles that apply to the development of all tyrosine kinase inhibitors? What is a potential pitfall of targeting a protein kinase for cancer treatment? (Relate back to Gleevec example - this answer should include three separate concepts – 2 principles, 1 limitation)Question:- What biological rationale can explain why there are so few variants observed at position 65 of the heme distal ligand and position 94 of the heme proximal ligand of myoglobin? Why does the number of variants differ between the two sites?
- Question:- Why is it important for a cancer cell to undergo phenotypic changes to be able to metastasize to distant organs? Describe briefly the two transitions that cells undergo during this process. How can you identify metastasis from a solid tumor in a lymph node?QUESTION :-Why is it important to validate cell research with translational potential in animal and human studies? a. Cell cultures are often transformed and may no longer function in a physiological manner. b.Humans are complex systems and may not behave in the same way as a single cell. c. Genetic and epigenetic variation in the population may impact the findings. d.All of the aboveQuestion:- What is the role of tRNA? To replace T with U when transcribing mRNA. To bind the ribosome and the mRNA chain together. To transcribe the DNA and move the mRNA chain out of the nucleus. To assure that the mRNA chain carries the correct code. To carry the correct amino acids to the ribosome.
- question 26 What is true for CpG Islands: stretches of a few hundred base pairs of DNA where cytosines are unmethylated are not associated with genes are not found around the promoters are associated with silenced genesQuestion:- Describe what a core promoter in and the different types. Describe the motifs that could be found in a core promoter and their proposed function?Question:- 1. Describe an assay that could measure the activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC).
- Question :- If the total cancer risk is 100 cancers/104 people/Sv, what is the cancer risk incurred by an occupationally exposed worker who received 1 cGy/year, each year, for 20 years? How does this compare with the national cancer risk?Question:- What happens in a situation where all of the compatibility features were ensured and we still get an agglutination reaction (ex. person of type AB+ receives from a person of type AB+)? Briefly explain in a couple of sentences.Question:- What is the best description of tRNA (transfer RNA)? Question 15 options: It temporarily stores genetic information. It is an adaptor molecule that translates nucleotide information to polypeptide information. It is the RNA machinery for peptide bond formations. It encodes protein information.