Ralph is choosing whether to purchase health insurance. Here are the features that define his situation: He currently has $20,000 in initial wealth and faces a 2% chance of a serious illness that will cost $8,000 to cure. (He therefore simultaneously faces
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- 1 Consider an individual for whom utility is U = ln(I) There are two states of the world (G,B): Outcome G = 2000 with probability .4 Outcome B = 1000 with probability .6 W1 = 2000 L = 1000 π = .6 Option = invest $50 to lower π to .2 An insurance company is willing to offer a contract in which the individual pays a premium and gets full compensation for the loss (1000) in the bad state. a) With no insurance but the option of investing the $50, what is the utility of the individual? b) What is the first-best outcome for utility of the individual, insurance premium, and profits of the insurance company?Do you think Canada's universal health care program can alleviate problems caused by moral hazard and adverse selection in the private insurance markets? Why or why not? John's utility curve over total wealth is given by U(W) =VW (i.e. square root of W). Suppose that he has a 50% chance of being healthy. If he is healthy, he gets all his wealth-$10,000. If he becomes sick, he only has $3,600 remaining after medical expenditures. Calculate John's wealth and utility when he does and does not get sick, his expected utility, expected wealth, and his expected loss. Now he has the option of buying health insurance Calculate the maximum amount John would be willing to pay to fully insure against the cost of the sickness. How much is the actuarially fair and risk premium? Suppose that society consists of large, equal numbers of identical male and identical female consumers. Male consumers are similar to John; female consumers differ only in that they face a 25% probability of being sick, but…Khalid has a utility function U = W1/2, where W is his wealth in millions of dollarsand U is the utility he obtains from the wealth. In a game show, the host offershim a choice between (A) $4 million for sure, or (B) a gamble that pays $1million with probability 0.6 and $9 million with probability 0.4.i. Graph Khalid’s utility function with the help of above utility function. Ishe risk lover? Explain. ii. Does A or B choice offer Khalid a higher expected prize? Explain yourreasoning with appropriate calculations. iii. Does A or B offer Khalid a higher expected utility? Again, show yourcalculations. iv. Should Jamal pick A or B choice? Why?
- A risk-averse agent, Andy, has power utility of consumption with riskaversion coefficient γ = 0.5. While standing in line at the conveniencestore, Andy hears that the odds of winning the jackpot in a new statelottery game are 1 in 250. A lottery ticket costs $1. Assume his income isIt = $100. You can assume that there is only one jackpot prize awarded,and there is no chance it will be shared with another player. The lotterywill be drawn shortly after Andy buys the ticket, so you can ignore therole of discounting for time value. For simplicity, assume that ct+1 = 100even if Andy buys the ticket How large would the jackpot have to be in order for Andy to play thelottery? b) What is the fair (expected) value of the lottery with the jackpot youfound in (a)? What is the dollar amount of the risk premium that Andyrequires to play the lottery? Solve for the optimal number of lottery tickets that Andy would buyif the jackpot value were $10,000 (the ticket price, the odds of winning,and Andy’s…Suppose that the buyers do not know the quality of any particular bicycle for sale, but the sellers do knowthe quality of the bike they sell. The price at which a bike is traded is determined by demand and supply.Each buyer wants at most one bicycle.(ii) Assuming that each buyer purchases a bike only if its expected quality is higher than the price,and each seller is willing to sell their bike only if the price exceeds their valuation, what is theequilibrium outcome in this market?2. Maria has $100. There is a 50% that she will lose all of it. Her utility as a functionof wealth is u(c) = √c. a. What is the maximum amount she would be willing to pay to fully insure againstthe 50% probability of the loss? b. Is she risk averse, risk loving, or risk neutral?
- Utility functions incorporate a decision maker’s attitude towards risk. Let’s assume that the following utilities were assessed for Danica Wary. x u(x) -$2,000 0 -$500 62 $0 75 $400 80 $5,000 100 Would a risk neutral decision maker be willing to take the following deal: 30% chance of winning $5,000, 40% chance of winning $400 and a 30% chance of losing $2,000? Using the utilities given in the table above, determine whether Danica would be willing to take the deal described in part a? Is Danica risk averse or is she a risk taker? What is her risk premium for this deal?a Suppose you are given a choice between thefollowing options:A1: Win $30 for sureA2: 80% chance of winning $45 and 20% chance ofA2: winning nothing B1: 25% chance of winning $30B2: 20% chance of winning $45Most people prefer A1 to A2 and B2 to B1. Explainwhy this behavior violates the assumption that decisionmakers maximize expected utility.b Now suppose you play the following game: You havea 75% chance of winning nothing and a 25% chance ofplaying the second stage of the game. If you reach thesecond stage, you have a choice of two options (C1 andC2), but your choice must be made now, before youreach the second stage.C1: Win $30 for sureC2: 80% chance of winning $45 13.5 Bayes’ Rule and Decision Trees 767Most people choose C1 over C2 and B2 to B1 (from part(a)). Explain why this again violates the assumption ofexpected utility maximization. Tversky and Kahneman(1981) speculate that most people are attracted to thesure $30 in the second stage, even though the secondstage may never be…Kindly assist on the questions below 1) Dan is an expected utility maximizer with a utility function over wealth given by : u(w) = 2√w +10 Dan faces a gamble of where there are equal chances to win $9 or $16. The certainty equivalent of this gamble is a) 3.5 b) 17 c)2√13 +10 d) not enough information to compute e) 20 2) Consider a expected utility maximizing consumer with preferences represented by u(w)= w2 If they face a loss that occurs with a 15% probability (select all that applies) a) fair insurance will be priced at 15% per dollar b) fair insurance will leave them with wealth equal to their certainty equivalent c)they will choose to fully insure themselves with fair insurance d)they will always buy more insurance than a risk neutral person
- Say there are two individuals; Hala and Anna who are deciding on either to buy health insurance on a pooling arrangement basis or otherwise. Both face a 30% probability of losing RM40 on medical services and 70% of losing nothing. With these information discuss whether Hala and Anna should join this arrangement or pay the medical services costs out of their own pocket money.Imagine that a zealous prosecutor (P) has accused a defendant (D) of committing a crime. Suppose that the trial involves evidence production by bothparties and that by producing evidence, a litigant increases the probabilityof winning the trial. Specifically, suppose that the probability that the defendant wins is given by eD>(eD + eP), where eD is the expenditure on evidenceproduction by the defendant and eP is the expenditure on evidence production by the prosecutor. Assume that eD and eP are greater than or equal to0. The defendant must pay 8 if he is found guilty, whereas he pays 0 if heis found innocent. The prosecutor receives 8 if she wins and 0 if she losesthe case. (a) Represent this game in normal form.(b) Write the first-order condition and derive the best-response function foreach player.(c) Find the Nash equilibrium of this game. What is the probability that thedefendant wins in equilibrium.(d) Is this outcome efficient? Why?Jamal has a utility function U= W1/2 where Wis his wealth in millions of 'dollars and Uis the utility he obtains from that wealth. In the final stage of a game show, the host offers Jamal a choice between (A) $4 million for sure, or (B) a gamble that pays $1million with a probability of 0.6 and $9 million with a probability of 0.4. a. Graph Jamal's utility function. Is he risk-averse? Explain. b. Does A or B offer, Jamal, a higher expected price? Explain your reasoning with appropriate calculations. (Hint: The expected value of a random variable is the weighted average of the possible outcomes, where the probabilities are the weights.) c. Does A or B offer Jamal a higher expected utility? Again, show your calculations. d. Should Jamal pick A or B? Why?