Recall how Anolis carolinensis species on several islands off the Florida coast adapted to the arrival if invasive A. sagrei by growing bigger toepads, for easier climbing higher up in trees. Suppose an allele increasing topead size was intiially present at a frequency of 0.05. How much would it have to increase fitness in order to reach a frequency of at least

Recall how Anolis carolinensis species on several islands off the Florida coast adapted to the arrival if invasive A. sagrei by growing bigger toepads, for easier climbing higher up in trees. Suppose an allele increasing topead size was intiially present at a frequency of 0.05. How much would it have to increase fitness in order to reach a frequency of at least

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter22: Speciation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ITD: David Hills of Baylor University noted that three closely related species of leopard frog (genus...

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A) Explain why we use the concept of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium if populations are never stable? B) What do the mathematical results tell us if the allele frequencies do not match our predictions? (In other words, if you have extra spotted fish in a generation, what has happened?)
In the garden shed belonging to one of this text’s authors, stabilizing selection has occurred over the past 10 years in the house mouse, Mus musculus. Which of the following scenarios is an example of stabilizing selection? (a) Small and medium-sized mice cannot reach the seed shelf in the shed and therefore are at a disadvantage for ﬁnding food, so they do not survive and reproduce as well as large mice do.(b) Small mice cannot reach the seed shelf, and large mice are easily seen by hawks circling above. Medium-sized mice therefore survive and reproduce better than both small and large mice. (c) Small mice can easily cross the yard to the vegetable garden, and large mice can easily reach the seed shelf. Medium-sized mice have trouble with the seed shelf and are seen by hawks in the yard. Small and large mice survive and reproduce much better than medium-sized mice. (d) All of these are examples of stabilizing selection. (e) None of these are examples of stabilizing selection.
Consider a metapopulation of iguanas inhabiting a chain of small islands off the coast of South America. In year 1, there are iguanas on 15 of the 60 islands. The probability of a given empty island being colonized in a given year is 0.11, and the probability of the population going extinct on any particular occupied island in a given year is 0.12. In year 1, what will be the rate of change in the proportion of islands occupied by iguanas, based on the Levins metapopulation model? Determine the number of islands that should be occupied when the metapopulation reaches equilibrium. Should this metapopulation go extinct, or should it persist? How do you know?
Imagine a population in which the survival of A1A1 homozygotes is 80 percent as great as that of A1A2 heterozygotes, while the survival of A2A2 homozygotes is 95 percent that of the heterozygotes. What is p, the frequency of the A2 allele, at equilibrium? Now suppose the population has reached this equilibrium, but that the environment then changes so that the relative fitnesses of A1A1, A1A2, and A2A2 become 1.0, 0.95, and 0.90. What will p be in the adults after one generation of selection in the new environment?
Consider a hypothetical beetle whose back abdomen pattern is determined by two alleles A1 and A2. Beetles that are homozygous for the 'A1' allele have solid coloring, beetles that are heterozygous (A1A2) are spotted, and beetles that are homozygous for the A2 allele are striped. You find a population of 100 of these beetles and count each phenotype (shown below). TRUE or FALSE: this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What is the predicted frequency of spotted beetle? Solid Beetles = 49 Spotted Beetles = 35 Striped Beetles = 16 asap please
Which type of selection is represented in a population of birds where a wing span of 2ft rather than 1ft or 3ft is more beneficial? Directional Disruptive Stabalizing
Suppose that in wasps, brown wings are dominant to white wings, and 40% of all wasps in a population you’ve sampled have white wings. a. What percentage of the wasps is heterozygous?b. What percentage of the wasps is homozygous dominant?
Describe what happens to allele frequencies as a result of the bottleneck effect. Discuss the relevance of this effect with regard to species that are approaching extinction.
I. A population called the founder generation, consisting of 2000 AA individuals, 2000 Aa individuals, and 6000 aa individuals is established on a remote island. Mating within this population occurs at random, the three genotypes are selectively neutral, and mutations occur at a negligible rate. *help needed for sub questions d-f. a. What are the frequencies of alleles A and a in thefounder generation?b. Is the founder generation at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium?c. What is the frequency of the A allele in the secondgeneration (that is, the generation subsequent to thefounder generation)?d. What are the frequencies for the AA, Aa, and aagenotypes in the second generation?e. Is the second generation at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium?f. What are the frequencies for the AA, Aa, and aagenotypes in the third generation?
Knowing that initial heterozygosity will change over time, predict the genetic 5-year trend of a mountain yellow-legged frog population with an effective breeding population size of: a. 20 individuals b. 250 individualsWhat is the percentage of heterozygosity for each year from years 1 through 5?
A researcher is studying two fly populations. Population A have stubbly bristles that are shorter and blunter than population B and are ebony coloured with black bodies. This is because they are homozygous for a certain allele for the stubble gene which affects bristle length and homozygous for the ebony gene which affects body colour. Population B have longer tapered bristles than population A and are not stubbly in appearance. They are not ebony and have brown bodies. This is because they are homozygous for a different gene that affects bristle length to population A and are homozygous for the gene that affects body colour. Table 1: F1 ebony flies - 0 F1 non-ebony flies - 560 F1 stubble flies - 560 F1 non-stubble flies - 0 Draw two separate Punnett Squares to illustrate the P1 cross - one for the stubbly alleles and one for the ebony alleles showing the individual gametes of each parent and the combination in the resulting F1 offspring.
Use the provided x2 table below to determine whether this population is in HWE at the M locus (c) What is the P value that corresponds to this Chi-square (X2) value? (d) is the population in HWE? (e) Mention 3 reasons why most populations are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.