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- Venture capital (VC) firms are pools of privatecapital that typically invest in small, fast-growingcompanies, which usually can’t raise funds through other means. In exchange for this financ-ing, the VCs receive a share of the company’s equity, and the founders of the firm typically stayon and continue to manage the company.a. Describe the nature of the incentive conflictbetween VCs and the managers, identifyingthe principal and the agent. b. VC investments have two typical com-ponents: (1) managers maintain some ownership in the company and often earnadditional equity if the company performs well; (2) VCs demand seats on the compa-ny’s board. Discuss how these two compo-nents help address the incentive conflict.The princple-agent model xan explain non profit maximization in firms. Which of the following describves this model well? a. Managers, the agents, act irrationally or with bounded rationality. b. Shareholders, then principals act irrationally or with bounded rationality. c. There is asymmetric information between the shareholders (principals) and managers (agends) in terms of the managers' actions. d. Principles, interested in revenue maximization, force managers, their agents, to maximize revenue and growth. e. None of the above.Question 3 Consider a medieval Italian merchant who is a risk averse expected utility maximiser. Their wealth will be equal to y if their ship returns safely from Asia loaded with the finest silk. If the ship sinks, their income will be y − L. The chance of a safe return is 50%. (i) Draw and carefully label the merchant’s endowment point, their expected income, and their cer- tainty equivalent income in a 2-dimensional state-contingent consumption space. (ii) Use the diagram to illustrate and explain how the merchant would benefit from buying insurance in a competitive insurance market. At which point a risk-neutral insurance firm would maximise their profits by offering the merchant full insurance?
- Consider a medieval Italian merchant who is a risk averse expected utility maximiser. Their wealth will beequal to y if their ship returns safely from Asia loaded with the finest silk. If the ship sinks, their incomewill be y − L. The chance of a safe return is 50%.(i) Draw and carefully label the merchant’s endowment point, their expected income, and their certainty equivalent income in a 2-dimensional state-contingent consumption space. Use the diagram to illustrate and explain how the merchant would benefit from buying insurancein a competitive insurance market. At which point a risk-neutral insurance firm would maximisetheir profits by offering the merchant full insurance?You and a coworker are assigned a team project on which your likelihood or a promotion will be decidedon. It is now the night before the project is due and neither has yet to start it. You both want toreceive a promotion next year, but you both also want to go to your company’s holiday party that night.Each of you wants to maximize his or her own happiness (likelihood of a promotion and mingling withyour colleagues “on the company’s dime”). If you both work, you deliver an outstanding presentation.If you both go to the party, your presentation is mediocre. If one parties and the other works, yourpresentation is above average. Partying increases happiness by 25 units. Working on the project addszero units to happiness. Happiness is also affected by your chance of a promotion, which is depends on howgood your project is. An outstanding presentation gives 40 units of happiness to each of you; an aboveaverage presentation gives 30 units of happiness; a mediocre presentation gives 10 units…(a) Will dynastic preferences, such as those discussed in Section 5.2, lead to infinite-horizon maximization if the instantaneous utility functions of future generations are different (ut(.) potentially different for each generation t)? (b) How would the results be different if an individual cares about the continuation utility of his offspring with discount factor β, but also cares about the continuation utility of the offspring of his offspring with a smaller discount factor δ?
- In terms of general elections. A candidate will campaign and make promises. Voters have the option to vote for that candidate or another candidate. Why do voters often choose the wrong candidate? Use the principal-agent theory2 Consider a owner-manager problem in which πgross = 2e + ε [manager has control over e, ε are factors outside of manager’s control, ε~N(0,σ2 )] The owner pays the manager a salary of s out of the gross profits. Manager’s cost of effort = e2 /2. Manager has constant risk aversion utility function. σ 2 = 4 A = 1 a) What is the first-best outcome for manager utility, manager effort, and net profits of the owner? b) Now consider that the owner cannot observe manager effort and offers a salary tied to gross profits: s(πgross) = a + b πgross What is the second-best outcome for manager utility, manager effort, and net profits of the owner?Under the investment approach, what is the likelihood that a rational voter will choose to vote and why? a. Very likely, especially if the voter derives benefit from simply expressing their opinion. b.A bout 50-50, depending on whether their candidate is ahead in the polls or not. c. Very high because they trade their vote for being able to call in a favor from the politician later. d. Almost nil because their likelihood of influencing the election is so small.
- Determine whether the following passage contains an argument. If an argument is present, indicate its form: affirming the antecedent, denying the antecedent, affirming the consequent, denying the consequent, or tri-conditional. (1) If President Biden was born in Canada, then he is a Canadian citizen. (2) President Biden is not a Canadian citizen. Tf, (3) President Biden was not born in Canada. Question 1 options: Affirming the antecedent Denying the antecedent Affirming the consequent Denying the consequent Tri-conditional Determine whether the following passage contains an argument. If an argument is present, indicate its form: affirming the antecedent, denying the antecedent, affirming the consequent, denying the consequent, or tri-conditional. (1) Bill Gates owns the moon only if he is very rich. (2) Bill Gates is very rich. Tf, (3) Bill Gates owns the moon. Question 2 options:…Consider the constant relative risk aversion utility of wealth function from Chapter 3 for an investor with gamma parameter equal to 0.25: U(W) = W^(0.25)/(0.25) = 4W^(0.25). Suppose this investor is faced with a 50-50 bet to receive nothing or to receive 1000 dollars. What's a fair price for this bet to the investor? I.e., what is the certainty equivalent wealth (CEW) associated with this bet, for this investorWhy does the limitation of Portfolio analysis is Naively following the prescriptions of a portfolio model may actually reduce corporateprofits if they are used inappropriately?