San Diego Bay is polluted due to leaching of hydrocarbons from old creosote pilings. If there are 25,000 pilings and each leaches 1kg per year, what is the steady-state hydrocarbon level expected in the Bay? Assume that San Diego Bay can be approximated by a CSTR of length 20km, width 2km, and depth 5m, and that bay-ocean tidal exchange is described by a tidal diffusivity of 400m²/s. Answer: 3.96 mg/m³

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Kinetic-Theory of Gases

Kinetic theory of gases is the model or method which was developed in the 19th century by Maxwell and Boltzmann. This is possible as the interatomic force which is of short-range forces that are important for solids and liquids can be neglected for gases. This theory or gas law gives a molecular interpretation of the pressure and temperature of a gas and is consistent with gas laws and Avogadro’s hypothesis. This theory is very helpful to correctly explain the specific heat capacities of many gases, kinetic energy and it also explains the transport qualities such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion with molecular parameters. As stated in the kinetic-molecular theory, the temperature of a substance or gas particle is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles of that substance. When a substance is heated, some of the absorbed energy is stored within the particles, while some of the energy increases the motion of the particles, called average kinetic energy.