5. Should the null hypothesis be rejected for hugging each other? If yes, at what probability level? WordFileEditViewInsertFormatToolsTableWindowHelp12%Tue 3:44 PMAutoSavew- EDFN3520-Journal Article #5-Independent-t-test-37Saved to my MacOFFHomeInsertDrawDesignLayoutReferencesMailingsReviewViewTell meShareCommentsCalibri (Bo...11A AAa ♥AaBbCcDc AaBbCcDdEe AaBb(AaBbCcDdE€AaBbCcDdEeAaBbCcDdEePasteev AvNo SpacingStylesDictateSensitivityIUab x,x ANormalHeading 1Heading 2TitleSubtitlePaneExercise 37 Communication in Relationshipst Test for Independent Groups: IStatistical GuideThe t test is often used to test the significance of the difference between two means. It yieldsa value of p, which indicates the probability that chance or random sampling errors created the dif-ference between the means. Most researchers declare a difference to be significant when p is equal toor less than .05. The lower the probability, the more significant the difference. Thus, a p of .01 ismore significant than a p of .05. When a researcher declares a difference to be statistically signifi-cant, he or she is rejecting the null hypothesis. The lower the probability, the more confidence a re-searcher can have in rejecting the null hypothesis.Note that the absence of footnotes with probabilities in a table that contains a number of sig-nificance tests indicates that the comparison in question is not statistically significant.Excerpt from the Research Article'The married sample comprised members of 100 heterosexual couples (54% were women and46% were men) from a Midwestern university. The dating sample also consisted of members of 100heterosexual couples (59% were women and 41% were men) from the same Midwestern university.All the married and dating couples were Euro-American. A researcher selected subjects in a haphaz-ard fashion and asked them to complete a short survey.... The mean age of the sample was 26.7years (SD = 2.6).The Affectionate Communication Index is a 19-item index that...assesses the amount of ver-bal and nonverbal affectionate communication and support on a 7-point...scale, with anchors of 1 =partners always engage in this type of affectionate activity to 7 = partners never engage in this typeof activity. [Thus, lower scores indicate more affectionate communication. Table 1 shows the resultsfor the nonverbal activities.]Table 1Dating and Married Individuals' Reports of Nonverbal Affectionate CommunicationItemMSDntHold handsDating1003.71.93.3*Married1002.91.7Kiss on the lipsDating1002.91.54.9*Married1002.01.1Kiss on the cheeksDating1003.61.64.5tMarried1002.71.3Give massages to each otherDating1004.21.85.0*Married992.51.8Put arm around shoulderDating1003.61.84.6*Married922.51.5Table 1 continued on next page →'Source: Punyanunt-Carter, N. M. (2004). Reported affectionate communication and satisfaction in marital and datingrelationships. Psychological Reports, 95, 1154–1160. Copyright © 2004 by Psychological Reports. Reprinted with per-mission.Page 1 of 2O wordsEnglish (United States)E Focus113%DECétv AW•..lilli00 WordFileEditViewInsertFormatToolsTableWindow Help12%Tue 3:44 PMAutoSavew- EDFN3520-Journal Article #5-Independent-t-test-37Saved to my MacOFFHomeInsertDrawDesignLayoutReferencesMailingsReviewViewTell meShareCommentsCalibri (Bo...11A AAa ♥AaBbCcDcAaBbCcDdE AaBbAaBbCcDdE€AaBbCcDdEeAaBbCcDdEePasteev AvNo SpacingStylesDictateSensitivityIUab x,x ANormalHeading 1Heading 2TitleSubtitlePaneExercise 37 Communication in Relationships: t Test for Independent Groups: ITable 1 continuedHug each otherDating1002.51.62.0*Married1002.11.2Sit close to each otherDating962.91.63.9*Married1002.01.6Look into each other's eyesDatingMarried1003.31.61.01003.01.8Wink at each otherDating1004.72.31.7Married964.21.9*p

Question

5. Should the null hypothesis be rejected for hugging each other? If yes, at what probability level? WordFileEditViewInsertFormatToolsTableWindowHelp12%Tue 3:44 PMAutoSavew- EDFN3520-Journal Article #5-Independent-t-test-37Saved to my MacOFFHomeInsertDrawDesignLayoutReferencesMailingsReviewViewTell meShareCommentsCalibri (Bo...11A AAa ♥AaBbCcDc AaBbCcDdEe AaBb(AaBbCcDdE€>AaBbCcDdEeAaBbCcDdEePasteev AvNo SpacingStylesDictateSensitivityIUab x,x ANormalHeading 1Heading 2TitleSubtitlePaneExercise 37 Communication in Relationshipst Test for Independent Groups: IStatistical GuideThe t test is often used to test the significance of the difference between two means. It yieldsa value of p, which indicates the probability that chance or random sampling errors created the dif-ference between the means. Most researchers declare a difference to be significant when p is equal toor less than .05. The lower the probability, the more significant the difference. Thus, a p of .01 ismore significant than a p of .05. When a researcher declares a difference to be statistically signifi-cant, he or she is rejecting the null hypothesis. The lower the probability, the more confidence a re-searcher can have in rejecting the null hypothesis.Note that the absence of footnotes with probabilities in a table that contains a number of sig-nificance tests indicates that the comparison in question is not statistically significant.Excerpt from the Research Article'The married sample comprised members of 100 heterosexual couples (54% were women and46% were men) from a Midwestern university. The dating sample also consisted of members of 100heterosexual couples (59% were women and 41% were men) from the same Midwestern university.All the married and dating couples were Euro-American. A researcher selected subjects in a haphaz-ard fashion and asked them to complete a short survey.... The mean age of the sample was 26.7years (SD = 2.6).The Affectionate Communication Index is a 19-item index that...assesses the amount of ver-bal and nonverbal affectionate communication and support on a 7-point...scale, with anchors of 1 =partners always engage in this type of affectionate activity to 7 = partners never engage in this typeof activity. [Thus, lower scores indicate more affectionate communication. Table 1 shows the resultsfor the nonverbal activities.]Table 1Dating and Married Individuals' Reports of Nonverbal Affectionate CommunicationItemMSDntHold handsDating1003.71.93.3*Married1002.91.7Kiss on the lipsDating1002.91.54.9*Married1002.01.1Kiss on the cheeksDating1003.61.64.5tMarried1002.71.3Give massages to each otherDating1004.21.85.0*Married992.51.8Put arm around shoulderDating1003.61.84.6*Married922.51.5Table 1 continued on next page →'Source: Punyanunt-Carter, N. M. (2004). Reported affectionate communication and satisfaction in marital and datingrelationships. Psychological Reports, 95, 1154–1160. Copyright © 2004 by Psychological Reports. Reprinted with per-mission.Page 1 of 2O wordsEnglish (United States)E Focus113%DECétv AW•..lilli00 WordFileEditViewInsertFormatToolsTableWindow Help12%Tue 3:44 PMAutoSavew- EDFN3520-Journal Article #5-Independent-t-test-37Saved to my MacOFFHomeInsertDrawDesignLayoutReferencesMailingsReviewViewTell meShareCommentsCalibri (Bo...11A AAa ♥AaBbCcDcAaBbCcDdE AaBbAaBbCcDdE€>AaBbCcDdEeAaBbCcDdEePasteev AvNo SpacingStylesDictateSensitivityIUab x,x ANormalHeading 1Heading 2TitleSubtitlePaneExercise 37 Communication in Relationships: t Test for Independent Groups: ITable 1 continuedHug each otherDating1002.51.62.0*Married1002.11.2Sit close to each otherDating962.91.63.9*Married1002.01.6Look into each other's eyesDatingMarried1003.31.61.01003.01.8Wink at each otherDating1004.72.31.7Married964.21.9*p< .05. *p< .001.Questions for Exercise 37Part A: Factual Questions1. Which group had a higher mean score for kissing on the lips (i.e., on the average, which groupreported less kissing on the lips)?2. Is the difference between the two means for kissing on the lips statistically significant? If yes, atwhat probability level?3. Should the null hypothesis be rejected for kissing on the lips? If yes, at what probability level?4. Is the difference between the two means for hugging each other statistically significant? If yes, atwhat probability level?5. Should the null hypothesis be rejected for hugging each other? If yes, at what probability level?6. The differences are not statistically significant for which items?7. Should the null hypothesis be rejected for winking at each other?Page 2 of 2O wordsEnglish (United States)E Focus113%DECétv AW•..lilli00

Accepted Answer

Introduction:
Denote μ1, μ2 as the true population mean scores on hugging each other, for dating and…