Show using a graph how the following shocks would affect equilibrium output. (Which parameters in the Keynesian model change? How does that shift the expenditure schedule? What happens to output as a result?) (a) The housing market collapses (b) Interest rates rise (c) The US dollar depreciates (gets weaker) relative to the Euro (d) Consumer confidence rises in Canada (Hint: use one picture to show what happens I
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- Some economists believe that a reduction in the level of economic activity and an increase in unemployment are inevitable.’ Use the extracts and your knowledge of economics to assess the view that when an economy experiences a negative economic shock there will always be a sustained increase in unemployment.To study macroeconomics, one needs various models with different assumptions about the flexibility and/or stickiness of price levels. This is because: A.) the price flexibility is a short-run phenomenon while, the price stickiness is a long-run phenomenon. B.) the economy behaves so differently depending on how much time has passed after a demand shock. C.) various government policies are useless to eliminate the effects of an unexpected demand shock. D.) the economy behaves similarly to demand shocks regardless of the length of time.Why, in general, do shocks force people to make changes? Give at least two examples from your own experience.
- Suppose that the oil price sharply increased for a while, which increase.Can policymakers do something to accommodate this shock? Would the outcome Suppose that the oil price sharply increased for a while, which increased production costs, causing an adverse supply shock. Can policymakers do something to accommodate this shock? Would the outcome be different in this case?Question 2Explain fully how the AS/AD model is an update of the Keynesian model. Provide a graph of the equilibrium income in the Keynesian model, and compare it with a graph of the equilibrium income in the AS/AD model. Why are negative supply shocks much more harmful to an economy compared with negative demand shocks? Compare the policies which can be used to address negative demand shocks with policies to address negative supply shocks.If the economy has rational expectations and the model is sticky price model. Could you explain why the following statement true in macroeconomics?
- In the New Keynesian model, suppose that in the short run the central bank cannot observe aggregate output or the shocks that hit the economy. However, the central bank would like to come as close as possible to economic efficiency. That is, ideally the central bank would like the output gap to be zero. Suppose initially that the economy is in equilibrium with a zero-output gap. (a) Suppose that there is a shift in money demand. That is, the quantity of money demanded increases for each interest rate and level of real income. How well does the central bank perform in relative to its goal? Explain using diagrams. (b) Suppose that firms expect total factor productivity to increase in the future. Repeat part (a). (c) Suppose that total factor productivity increases in the current period. Repeat part (a). (d) Explain any differences in your results in parts (a)–(c) and explain what this implies about the wisdom of following an interest rate rule for the central bank. Problem 6 assumes that…What are supply shocks? Why are policy choices hard when there are negative supply shocks? Would you model the pandemic of 2020 as a supply shock or a demand shock? Why?Could you please also sort the following shocks into positive or negative aggregate supply or aggregate demand shocks? Fear New inventions occur at a faster pace A faster money growth rate
- in the Lucas Imperfect Information model, do aggregate demand shocks have real affects? Explain. What is the implication of this result for stabilisation policy?Concept of Hysteresis suggests that the economic shocks affect the economy only for a short time period. True or false, justify your response in either case:(Supply Shocks) Give an example of an adverse supply shock and illustrate graphically. Now do the same for a beneficial supply shock.