I need a summary of this, please! AbstractSpatial VaThe microbial composition of water can be the difference between life ordeath for many organisms. Microbes in lakes can reproduce and spread toother parts of the water eycle. Ice nucleating Pseudomonads are microbesthat have been shown to be in all parts of the water cycle and damage plants,These Pseudomonads conduct ice nucleation by inducing freezing ofsupercooledPseudomonads can disperse anywhere. When bacterial ice nucleation occursaround plant tissue, ice crystals form within the tissue and damages the plant.To examine microbial composition, two Oklahoma lakes: the urban lake-Lake Hefner and the rural lake-Crowder Lake, were examined. In each lake,water samples were collected from three specific locations in summer andwinter months. Samples were inoculated on 10% tryptic soy agar todetermine total bacterial load and King's B agar supplemented with borieacid, cycloheximide, and cephalexin to isolate Pseudomonads. At LakeHefner, the eastern shore had significantly larger bacterial concentration inboth seasons compared to other locations. At Crowder Lake, the center of thelake had significantly lower bacterial concentration in both seasons comparedto other locations. Seasonally, there was lower bacterial concentration in thewinter at Lake Hefner compared to the summer, while Crowder Lake hadsimilar bacterial concentration year-round. Lake Hefner had higher bacterialconcentration compared to Crowder Lake. Pseudomonads isolated from bothseasons and lakes were tested for ice nucleation activity by inoculating insuper cooled water and detecting ice formation. Twenty-two ice nucleatorswere detected at Crowder Lake and three ice nucleators were detected atNorth toWeatherford2 mileswatermolecules. Through evaporation and rainfall,Figure 2. Sampling sitesCrowder Lake are marl-stars (Yellow = Near Do-Center of Lake, Green=Shore).• Pseudomonadconcdid not differ betwesites; however, totalload was significantthecenterofcompared to the doc(Fig. 3).Lake Hefner in the summer, and none were detected in the winter. Theseasonal differences in the concentration of ice nucleating bacteria weresurprising because other studies have shown that cooler environments selectfor increased ice nucleating bacteria.Spatial VIce Nucleating PseudomonadsHerintalyrimpeeyrngan deud·pringe unerosos om widand cutivaed pantsLakesnowwatersHefner -Figure 4. Sampling sitLake Hefner are marlstars (Orange = SouthShore, Purple = NearBlue = Eastern Shore%3D%3DEnnhment and diversficaon-ayoystemFigure 1. Movement of Pseudomonas syringaethroughout the water cycle (Morris et al., 2008).Lake HefnerPseudomonads are bacteria that inhabit soils and are pathogens ofplants and animals. Ice nucleating Pseudomonads (hereafter referred toas Ice+) are bacteria that can freeze supercooled water in their vicinityat a higher temperature than freezing would occur in their absence.Icet strains have been detected in all portions of the water cycle andlikely spread via precipitation (Fig. 1) (Morris et al., 2008). Due to theenrichment of Ice+ strains in clouds, ice nucleation activity ishypothesized to allow Pseudomonads to move via clouds in associationwith aerosolized water. This can be problematic because Ice+ strainscan be transmitted to agricultural plants through the water cycle wherethey cause disease (Morris et al., 2008), Furthermore, Ice+ strains cancause frost injury via ice nucleation of water in plant tissues (Lindow etal., 1982). Ice+ bacteria have been detected on multiple continents, inall forms of water, and in all seasons.(A) 8000b600040002000Bacterial LoacFigure 6. Seasonal b-Hefner (A) and CroweFig. 3. Values indicatvalue

Question

I need a summary of this, please! AbstractSpatial VaThe microbial composition of water can be the difference between life ordeath for many organisms. Microbes in lakes can reproduce and spread toother parts of the water eycle. Ice nucleating Pseudomonads are microbesthat have been shown to be in all parts of the water cycle and damage plants,These Pseudomonads conduct ice nucleation by inducing freezing ofsupercooledPseudomonads can disperse anywhere. When bacterial ice nucleation occursaround plant tissue, ice crystals form within the tissue and damages the plant.To examine microbial composition, two Oklahoma lakes: the urban lake-Lake Hefner and the rural lake-Crowder Lake, were examined. In each lake,water samples were collected from three specific locations in summer andwinter months. Samples were inoculated on 10% tryptic soy agar todetermine total bacterial load and King's B agar supplemented with borieacid, cycloheximide, and cephalexin to isolate Pseudomonads. At LakeHefner, the eastern shore had significantly larger bacterial concentration inboth seasons compared to other locations. At Crowder Lake, the center of thelake had significantly lower bacterial concentration in both seasons comparedto other locations. Seasonally, there was lower bacterial concentration in thewinter at Lake Hefner compared to the summer, while Crowder Lake hadsimilar bacterial concentration year-round. Lake Hefner had higher bacterialconcentration compared to Crowder Lake. Pseudomonads isolated from bothseasons and lakes were tested for ice nucleation activity by inoculating insuper cooled water and detecting ice formation. Twenty-two ice nucleatorswere detected at Crowder Lake and three ice nucleators were detected atNorth toWeatherford2 mileswatermolecules. Through evaporation and rainfall,Figure 2. Sampling sitesCrowder Lake are marl-stars (Yellow = Near Do-Center of Lake, Green=Shore).• Pseudomonadconcdid not differ betwesites; however, totalload was significantthecenterofcompared to the doc(Fig. 3).Lake Hefner in the summer, and none were detected in the winter. Theseasonal differences in the concentration of ice nucleating bacteria weresurprising because other studies have shown that cooler environments selectfor increased ice nucleating bacteria.Spatial VIce Nucleating PseudomonadsHerintalyrimpeeyrngan deud·pringe unerosos om widand cutivaed pantsLakesnowwatersHefner -Figure 4. Sampling sitLake Hefner are marlstars (Orange = SouthShore, Purple = NearBlue = Eastern Shore%3D%3DEnnhment and diversficaon-ayoystemFigure 1. Movement of Pseudomonas syringaethroughout the water cycle (Morris et al., 2008).Lake HefnerPseudomonads are bacteria that inhabit soils and are pathogens ofplants and animals. Ice nucleating Pseudomonads (hereafter referred toas Ice+) are bacteria that can freeze supercooled water in their vicinityat a higher temperature than freezing would occur in their absence.Icet strains have been detected in all portions of the water cycle andlikely spread via precipitation (Fig. 1) (Morris et al., 2008). Due to theenrichment of Ice+ strains in clouds, ice nucleation activity ishypothesized to allow Pseudomonads to move via clouds in associationwith aerosolized water. This can be problematic because Ice+ strainscan be transmitted to agricultural plants through the water cycle wherethey cause disease (Morris et al., 2008), Furthermore, Ice+ strains cancause frost injury via ice nucleation of water in plant tissues (Lindow etal., 1982). Ice+ bacteria have been detected on multiple continents, inall forms of water, and in all seasons.(A) 8000b600040002000Bacterial LoacFigure 6. Seasonal b-Hefner (A) and CroweFig. 3. Values indicatvalue <0.05).Encmant ndgcutturalCFU/ml E Spatial Variations in Crowder LakeNovel Ice+ Strains Detected2000North toWeatherfordaTable 1. Number of Ice+ strains detected in LakeHefner and Crowder Lake in winter and summer.2 miles10001 mileSummer Ice+Winter Ice+-1000 Bacterial Load PseudomonasLake HefnerCrowder LakeP22O Near DockIOpposite ShoreFigure 3. Average bacterialPseudomonad concentrations at eachCrowder Lake location. Samples wereICenter of Lake3Figure 2. Sampling sites atCrowder Lake are marked bystars (Yellow = Near Dock, Red =Center of Lake, Green Opposite evaluated by determining CFU/ml onShore).Ice+ strains were detected by inoculating isolates in supercooledwater and observing ice crystallization.The identity of Ice+ strains was determined by 16s FRNA sequencing(Table 2).and10% tryptic soy agar (bacterial load)Table 2. Identification, previously described Icet status, and known• Pseudomonad concentrations and King's B agar supplemented withdid not differ between samplesites; however, total bacterial cephalexinload was significantly lower in indicated by different letters differthehabitats of cultured Icet strains.boricacid,cycloheximide,and(Pseudomonas). ValuesID via 16s FRNA SequencingIce+ StatusHabitatsAeromonadaceae bacterium NRII13Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strainPS-13NoAnimal/Human/Soillake significantly (single factor ANOVA, p-value <0.05).center of theYesAnimal/Plant Pathogencompared to the dock or shore(Fig. 3).Acinetobacter johnsonii strain P212Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strainPS-13Pseudomonas moraviensis strainHFBPROINoSoilYesAnimal/Plant PathogenAnimal/Plant PathogenHuman woundsAnimal/Plant/HumanAnimal/Plant/HumanYesSpatial Variations in Lake HefnerMeromonas veronii B565Pantoca dispersa strain MLTBYPantoea dispersa strain UBINoNo10000NoNoSoilAcinetobacter calcoaceticus strain HK24Pseudomonas syringae pv. theae strainKIWI-ZZb bE 5000Animal/Plant PathogenPlant/HumanYesMixta gaviniae strain DSM 2275Pseudomonas syringae pv. theae strainKIWI-ZZNoBacterial Load PseudomonasAnimal/Plant PathogenYes-5000I Southern Shore I Near DockI Eastern ShoreDiscussionLakeHefnerFigure 5. Average bacterial andPseudomonad concentrations in LakeFigure 4. Sampling sites atLake Hefner are marked bystars (Orange = SouthernShore, Purple = Near Dock,Blue = Eastern Shore).Spatial variations were detected in Crowder Lake (Fig. 3) andLake Hefner (Fig. 5).• Seasonal analysis demonstrates that there is lower overall bacterialconcentration in the winter season for Lake Hefner but notCrowder Lake (Fig. 6). Neither site differed in the concentration ofPseudomonads between seasons.Hefner. Samples were processed andstatistics performed as described in Fig.3.• There were no detectable Ice+ strains in these lakes in the wintermonths (Table 1). This was a surprise, as previous studies inmultiple locations showed evidence of higher Ice+ activity inwinter months compared to summer months.• Seven of the twelve Ice+ strains identified do not have previouslypublished Icet activity, suggesting that their role in ice nucleationhas not been previously characterized (Table 2).• Four Ice+ isolates identified were plant pathogen P. syringae (Table2).Lake Hefner Exhibits Seasonal Variations(B) 2000Summer Average(A) 8000ab.1500Winter Average6000100040005002000Bacterial LoadPseudomonasBacterial Load PseudomonasReferencesFigure 6. Seasonal bacterial and Pseudomonad concentrations at LakeHefner (A) and Crowder Lake (B). Samples were processed as described inFig. 3. Values indicated by different letters differ significantly (T-test, p-value <0.05).Lindow, S. E, Arny, D. C, & Upper, C.D. (1982). Bacterial ice nucleation: A factor la frost injury te plantsPlant Physiolegy, 704), 1084-1089, https:/idol.org/10.1104'pp.70.4.184Morrik, C. E, Sands, D. C. Vinatzer, B. A Glaus, C. Guibaud, C, Buffere, A. Yan, S. Dominguer, H,&Thompson, H M. (2008). The life history of the plant pathogen pendemenar yringae is laked te the watercycle. The SME Jeurnal, 2), 321-334. httpst/dol.org/0.1038/smej.2007.13CFU/mlCFU/mlCFU/mlCFU/ml

Accepted Answer

Pseudomonas syringae produces highly efficient biological ice nuclei (IN) that were proposed to…