Suppose 3 consumers, A, B and C, of a public good have standing (i.e. is the "society"). Ea consumer is asked to pay for 1/3 of a public good at a price of P/3. Price, P Social Demand (i.e. vertical sum of DA+ DB + Dc) S MC
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- The main problem with public goods is that: a. They lead to depletion of resources such as stock of fish. b. Typically, the private sector alone finds no incentive to provide them. c. If provided, they generate economic inefficiency. d. Exist in theory, but not in the real world.Consider the model of a rational consumer that cares about consumption of private goods and consumption of broadcast public television (a public good). Suppose that the total level of broadcast public television provided through voluntary contributions is 10 hours of programming. Then the government decides to raise money through a tax and provide 10 hours of programming to the public. What would we predict about crowd-out of voluntary contributions to broadcast public television when government does this? How would the answer change if consumers get warm glow utility from donating to broadcast public television in addition to utility from the public television itself? (Be specific.)There three individuals each benefit from a public good. The marginal cost of the public good provision is fixed at $20 per unit: MC = $20Whereas each of the three individuals each receive a marginal benefit for each unit of the public good defined by: Person 1: MB1= 40 − 2Q Person 2: MB2= 30 − 2Q Person 3: MB3= 31 − Q They are non-rival, just like with public goods. Therefore, each person benefits from the overall quantity of Q purchased by everyone, not only from the value that they personally acquire.1. Draw a figure with all three MB curves, the MC curve, and the Social Marginal Benefit (SMB) Curve. Label all x-intercepts, y-intercepts, and kinks in the SMB curve.2. Given the above MB curves, write down the Social Marginal Benefit Curve as a function of Q. 3. What is the Socially Optimal Choice of Q and would any private individual purchase this on their own?
- 1. a) State the condition for the Pareto optimal provision of a public good. Interpret the condition. b) Consider agent A with (inverse) demand curve for the public good and agent B with inverse demand , where prices are measured in £ per unit. The marginal cost of producing the public good is £10 per unit. What is the Pareto efficient level of the public good? Explain. Illustrate in a graph. [Hint: Compute the marginal social benefit of the public good by adding up the demand curves vertically, over the p’s] c) Describe the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) Mechanism, provide examples and discuss problems with the VCG mechanism.1a) Water filtration removes contaminants that increase the risk of plant diseases from a farmer's water sources. As a result, there is a decreased risk of consumers suffering illnesses from consuming crops grown with filtered water. Due to this, economists might suggest that the use of water filtration systems in agriculture has an associated ________ externality? 1b) Draw the private cost, private benefit, social cost, and social benefit curves in the market for water filtration systems. If any of the curves are the same, label the curve as both. 1c) Is there market failure if the market runs freely? If so, is the socially optimal quantity of farmers using water filtration systems higher or lower than the market outcome? 1d) Provide a policy suggestion that would help to correct any market failures that arise due to this externality. Explain why this would be effective. 2a) Livestock and poultry farming are some of the largest contributors of ammonia emissions. Ammonia has been…1. A. State the condition for the Pareto optimal provision of a public good. Interpret the condition. B. Consider agent A with (inverse) demand curve for the public good and agent B with inverse demand , where prices are measured in £ per unit. The marginal cost of producing the public good is £10 per unit. What is the Pareto efficient level of the public good? Explain. Illustrate in a graph. [Hint: Compute the marginal social benefit of the public good by adding up the demand curves vertically, over the p’s]
- -When should a private good be produced from an efficiency standpoint? a-When the sum of all of society’s marginal benefit exceeds the marginal cost b-When the marginal benefit from consumption exceeds the marginal cost c-When the marginal cost exceeds the marginal benefit from consumption d-When the marginal cost exceeds the sum of all of society’s marginal benefit -Suppose the government provides some amount of a public good, but it results in a reduction of private market’s production of the good by the same amount as the government produced. In this case, a-the warm glow effect caused an increase in the net amount of the public good. b-private provision is fully crowded out. c-private provision is partially crowded out. d-private provision is not crowded out.Positive Externalities - Public Expenditure and Market Failure 1.Explain verbally and with a graph the concept of Positive Externalities. Explain all elements of the graph, and give an example for a real world public expenditure that can be justified on the basis of this concept?Q3. The following table shows the marginal benefits of a pure public good that can be enjoyed by four people in a community, Athirah, Dewi, Chin, and John. Number of Public Good Marginal Benefit: 1 2 3 4 Athirah 175 150 125 100 Dewi 150 125 100 75 Chin 125 100 75 50 John 100 75 50 25 What is the total cost of the public good that needs to be financed if the marginal social cost is RM350? Explain your answer.
- Q3. The following table shows the marginal benefits of a pure public good that can be enjoyed by four people in a community, Athirah, Dewi, Chin, and John. Number of Public Good Marginal Benefit: 1 2 3 4 Athirah 175 150 125 100 Dewi 150 125 100 75 Chin 125 100 75 50 John 100 75 50 25 What is the efficient number of the public good if the marginal social cost of making the public good available is RM575? Explain your answer with a calculation.Define and give an example of a public good. Can the private market provide this good on its own? Explain.(a) Alpha, Beta and Gamma are consumers of a public good. The marginal benefit ($) of each unit of the public good is given by the following table. Public Good Alpha Beta Gamma 1st unit 8 10 12 2nd unit 4 8 3 3rd unit 2 5 0 4th unit 1 5 0 Suppose each unit of the public good costs $15. How many units of the public good would be optimal? Explain. (b) If the public good becomes a private good and the price drops to $8. The marginal benefits are the same as that given in (a). How many units of the private good would be purchased? Explain.