Suppose Microsoft is selling the two products to the individuals below with their willingness to pay for each item as in the table. Suppose the costs of producing each item is $10 for both products. Find the maximum profit of Microsoft if it can sell with either unit pricing, pure or mixed bundle prices for these items. Word Processor Spreadsheet Alice 20 10 Ben 40 30 Chris 80 70 Daniel 60 50
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- Consider any market that has a demand curve given by: Qd = 240 - 2P. Where Qd is the total quantity demanded in the market, given in millions of units and P is the market price, calculated in monetary units. Imagine that there are 2 Cournot oligopolists operating in this market with Cmg = CVme = 15 and fixed monthly costs equal to 1,400. About this market, ask yourself: a) What is the profit of each of the oligopolists? b) Imagine that one of the companies managed to implement a process innovation capable of halving its Cmg and CVme, so that they would go from 15 to 7.5. This investment implies an additional monthly expense of $1,800. Discuss the statement: "If this situation occurs, the innovative company will not implement variable cost reduction, as the quantity supplied in the market will increase very little; prices will remain very close to what they are today and its profits will not increase"Suppose a perfectly competitive market for hotdog stands in New York City becomes monopolistically competitive when gourmet, discount, andethnic hot-dog retailers show up, making eachcart slightly different. If hot dogs from differentstands are now imperfect substitutes and there arenumerous carts in the city, compare the producerand consumer surplus and total social welfarebefore and after the changeSuppose you are the economic adviser ofa company producing three brands of mobile pnones;Nokia 10, Samsung X and iPhone 7. Suppose further that, your company currently sells 120units of iPhone Z at e800 per unit, 150 units of Samsung X at e800 per unit and 200 units ofNokia 10 at e100 per unit, but in a bid to maximize profit, the company's managing directorproposes an increase in price of Samsung X from e800 to e1000 per unit for which quantitydemanded is anticipated to fall from 150 to 100 units; iPhone Z from e800 to e 1200 per unitfor which quantity demanded is anticipated to fall from 120 to 100 units; and Nokia 10 from100 to 200 per unit for which quantity demanded is expected to fall from 200 to 100 unitsUsing the mid-polint formula. compute the price elasticity of demand for each brand.From your answer in i, what is the type and economic interpretatiom of each brand'sii.value of elasticity.
- Suppose a manufacturer of exercise equipmentsets a suggested price to the consumer of $395 fora particular piece of equipment to be competitivewith similar equipment. The manufacturer sells itsequipment to a sporting goods wholesaler who receives 25 percent of the selling price and a retailerwho receives 50 percent of the selling price. Whatdemand-oriented pricing approach is being used,and at what price will the manufacturer sell theequipment to the wholesaler?There are two firms in the market (duopoly). These two firms are competingsimultaneously. The first firm chooses its output level (x) by predicting the second firm’soutput (y). Let c denote the total cost function c(x) = x and c(y) = y. Also, let’s assumethat the inverse demand function is p(Y) = 7 - Y where Y = x + y. (1) Obtain the reactionfunction of the first firm. (2) Find the equilibrium (output and profit of each firm) whentwo firms simultaneously compete. When Chinese automakers began exporting cars, rather thanfocusing on developed nations in the West, they shippedautos to emerging markets in countries such as Algeria, Russia,Chile, and South Africa. In these markets, even used vehiclesfrom multinational manufacturers are relatively scarce—andrelatively expensive. The Chinese automakers, who prioritizelow cost rather than design or even safety, applied a penetration-pricing strategy. A woman in Santiago, Chile, who boughta new Chery S21 explained, “The price factor is fairly decisive.I paid $5,500 new and full. Toyota with similar features costsaround $12,000.” Why do you think Chinese automakerschose that pricing strategy? Do you think it was successful?As Chinese regulators pressure these manufacturers to maketheir cars safer, do you think they will be able to keep theirprices low compared with those of the international automakers? Why or why not?26
- A monopoly faces an inverse demand curve, p(y) = 100 − 2y, and has constant marginal costs of 20. What is its profit-maximizing level of output and price? What is the socially optimal price and output for this firm? (Perfectly competitive solution) What is the deadweight loss due to the monopolistic behavior of this firm? d. Show your work algebraically and graphically.1. It is 1908 and you are the CEO of Ford Motor Company. General Motors startedproducing cars this year and has quickly become your chief rival. Their recent entrance, as wellas your assembly line methods, allows you the advantage of producing cars faster and choosingyour output levels first. Assume the 1908 inverse demand function for cars is P = 3900 - Q(customers view cars as identical products at this point in time) and production costs are C(qi) =100qi. a. What is Ford’s profit-maximizing output level? GM's?b. What is the market equilibrium price?c. How much profit does each firm earn?d. As the assembly line is used by other firms, the first-mover advantage disappears (fast forward100 years to present day), and more firms have entered the market (e.g. FCA, Tesla, Hyundai,Toyota, Honda, etc.), what do you expect to happen to Ford’s profit (assume demand andcosts are the same)? Explain.e. From 1908 into the 1920s, Ford offered customers one car: the Model T. Further, Henry isfamous…Only typed answer Assume that the demand for a standard (i.e. non-luxury seat) ticket to a Cleveland Indians game is represented by the function: P = 80 – 0.625Q and MR = 80 – 1.25Q and MC = 30 a. What single price will maximize monopoly profit? b. What will be the prices and quantity under two-part pricing? c. Calculate and compare the profits for each option.
- Suppose that the market for e-readers is an oligopoly controlled by Amazon.com , Barnes and Noble,Sony, and Apple. Barnes and Noble is consideringincreasing its output. How would this affect themarket price? How would it affect the profits ofeach company?Would it be wise for a brick-and-mortar retailer thatwants to stop showrooming to use wireless-jammingtechnologies to prevent people from using smartphonesinside its stores? Why or why not?3.- (From problem 5.3 in the textbook) A nightclub manager realizes that demand for drinks is more elastic among students, and is trying to determine the optimal pricing schedule. Specifically, he estimates the following average demands: • Under 25: qr = 18 − 5p • Over 25: q = 10 − 2p The two age groups visit the nightclub in equal numbers on average. Assume that drinks cost the nightclub $2 each. (a) If the market cannot be segmented, what is the uniform monopoly price? (b) If the nightclub can charge according to whether or not the customer is a student but is limited to linear pricing, what price (per drink) will be set for each group? (c) If the nightclub cannot charge according to whether the customer is a student or not, but can set a (common) cover charge and a (common) price per drink (which we assume equal to $2), what two-part tariff will it choose? (d) If the nightclub can set a separate cover charge and price per drink for each group, what two-part pricing schemes will it…