Suppose that one wishes to use reverse osmosis to reduce the salt content of brackish water containing 0.22 M total salt concentration to a value of 0.01 M, thus rendering it usable for human consumption. What is the minimum pressure that needs to be applied in the permeators to achieve this goal, assuming that the operation occurs at 298 K?

Q: Given kf for water is 1.86 K/m. What would be the expected change in freezing point for a aqueous…

A: Kf = 1.86 K/m  Molality (m) = 0.5 m Van't Hoff factor = 1  Change in freezing point (∆Tf) = ?

Q: How many grams of carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, must be mixed with 72.54 g of ethyl acetate,…

A: Given : Vapour pressure of pure CCl4 = 306.0 torr. And vapour pressure of pure CH3COOCH2CH3 = 280.0…

Q: Find the boiling point of a solution of 92.1 g of iodine, I2, in 800.0 g of chloroform, CHCl3,…

A:

Q: The commercially available charger for soda water siphon contains 8 gram of carbon dioxide CO2 After…

A: Given data, Pressure of carbon dioxide=6 atmVolume of water=0.35LKH for CO2=1.67×108Pa=1648.16atm

Q: At 1.37°C, what is the Van’t Hoff factor and the osmotic pressure of an aq. solution with a molality…

A: Given: Temperature = 1.37 oC Molality of solution = 0.50 m. Molecular mass of solute = 107 g/mol.…

Q: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C6H8O6, 176.1256 g/mol ) is a water soluble vitamin. A solution contains…

A: Since you have posted question with multiple sub-parts, we are entitled to answer the first 3 only.…

Q: What is the composition of a methanol –propanol solution that has a vapor pressure of 246 torr at…

A:

Q: A nonvolatile solute is dissolved in benzene so that it has a mole fraction of 0.265. What is the…

A:

Q: The osmotic pressure of a 0.010 M aqueous solution of CaCl2 is found to be 0.674 atm at 25 °C.…

A: When a substance is dissolved in a solvent, the ratio between the actual concentration of the…

Q: Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a biochemically useful protein. A 0.457 g sample of bovine serum…

A: Osmotic pressure (π) is given by π=cRT where C is the concentration, R is the ideal gas constant and…

Q: What is the osmotic pressure (in units of atmospheres) of a 0.114 M strontium bromide solution at…

A: Given,  Concentration of SrBr2 = C = 0.114 M  Temperature in °C = 18.0 °C  What is the osmotic…

Q: 10. An aqueous solution contains 20 g glucose per liter. Assuming the solution to be ideal,…

A: Number of moles = Mass/molar mass Molarity of a solution = Number of moles of solute/Volume of…

Q: Why Chalk Soln sink to the bottom of the glass with regards to the topic of colloidal dispersion?

A: Chalk solution sinks to bottom of the glass . It is because chalk is insoluble in water and forms a…

Q: Use the isotonic saline solution, 0.92% NaCl (mass/volume), to determine the osmotic pressure of…

A: calculating the moles of NaCl moles of NaCl = 0.92 g/ 58.44 g/mol =0.0157 moles mass solution = 100…

Q: The osmotic pressure of 0.010 M solution of CaCl2 and urea at 25 degrees celsius are 0.605 atm and…

A: Given : Osmotic pressure of CaCl2 solution = 0.605 atm Osmotic pressure of urea solution = 0.245 atm…

Q: A sloution contains 1.35 mol of novolatile glucose and 3.75 mol of water. What is the vapor water…

A: The number of moles for a given compound or a molecule refers to the ratio of its mass to the…

Q: A solution is prepared by dissolving 0.131 g of an ionic compound in 25.4 g of water. The ionic…

A: Here, the molality of the solution is given as 0.056 m. The molality indicates, moles of solute…

Q: When 0.548 grams of a protein were dissolved in 14.4 mL of benzene at 26.7 degrees C, the osmotic…

A: The osmotic pressure is expressed as:

Q: The density of 33.0% (by mass) of an aqueous solution of sodium  hydroxide, NaOH(aq), is 1.3574 g/mL…

A: Answer :            a) Molar concentration  = 11.20 M             b) Molal concentration = 12.31 m…

Q: A solution containing 25.60mg of an unknown protein per 27.5 mL solution was found to have an…

A: The osmotic pressure equation is employed to determine the molarity of unknown protein solution.

Q: Consider an aqueous solution containing 1.0 g/L. of a protein (molar mass 9.7 x 10 gmol) with a…

A: Freezing point depression: It shows the depression or decrease in freezing point when a pure solvent…

Q: The vapor pressure of water at 20.0 ºC is 17.5 torr. At that temperature, what would be the vapor…

A:

Q: Two different aqueous solutions – 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M KNO3 – have the same freezing points. Explain…

A:

Q: What is the Van't Hoff factor (i) of Titanium (IV) nitrate when dissolved in water? Assume ideal…

A: Van't Hoff factor (i) is equal to the number of ions that a molecule of a given substance will form…

Q: Seawater contains 3.4 g salts for every liter of solution. Assuming the solute consists entirely of…

A: The formula to find the osmotic pressure is as follows, π = MRT where, π = osmotic pressure M =…

Q: The experimentally determined freezing point of 1.90m NaCl(aq) is -6.57°C. Kf[H2O] is 1.86°C/m and…

A: The magnitude of the freezing point depression produced by a solute is found to be proportional to…

Q: The osmotic pressure of 1.66 x 102 M solutions of CaCl, and urea at 25°C are 1.01 and 0.407 atm,…

A: Molarity of the solution ( CaCl2 and urea ) = 1.66 × 10-2 M Temperature of the solution T = 25 °C =…

Q: A 35mg sample of a protein is dissolved in 10 ml of water at 25 degree Celsius and an osmotic…

A:

Q: A nonvolatile solute is dissolved in benzene and the resulting solution has a vapor pressure of 20.1…

A: According to the Raoult's law, the vapour pressure of a non-volatile solute solution is given by…

Q: A solution of sodium chloride in water has a vapor pressure of 19.6 torr at 25°C. What is the mole…

A:

Q: 2.57 x 102 mL of an aqueous magnesium sulfate solution that has an osmotic pressure of 3.17 bar at…

A:

Q: The osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution of a protein at 22degree celcius was used to determine…

A: Given , Temperature (T) = 22°C = (22+273.15) K = 295.15 K Mass of protein (m) = 7.43 mg = 7.43×10-3…

Q: Assuming 100% dissociation, calculate the freezing point (T;) and boiling point (T,) of 3.13 m…

A: Freezing point of 3.13m K3PO4 can be calculated as

Q: A nonvolatile solute is dissolved in benzene so that it has a mole fraction of 0.153. What is the…

A: Given : mole fraction of non-volatile solute = 0.153

Q: The vapor pressure of water at 20.0 ºC is 17.5 torr. At that temperature, what would be the vapor…

A:

Q: The osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution at 298 K is 99.0 kPa. Calculate the freezing point of…

A:

Q: Estimate the osmotic pressure of human blood at 37 degree Celsius. Assume blood is isotonic with a…

A:

Q: A nonvolatile solute is dissolved in benzene and the resulting solution has a vapor pressure of 18.1…

A: Given           The vapor pressure of the resulting solution = 18.1 torr.           The vapor…

Q: Polyvinyl alcohol is a water soluble polymer with an average molar mass of 28,000. You dissolve…

A: Osmotic Pressure (π) = 1095.69 Bar

Q: The total concentration of dissolved ions in seawater is about 1.1 M, but concentrations can vary…

A: Osmotic pressure is the minimal pressure to be applied to a solution to avoid the internal passage…

Q: The osmotic pressure, in torr, of a 0.0218 M aqueous solution of a molecular compound at 25 °C is i…

A: Given,   concentration, C = 0.0218 M temperature, T = 25oC

Q: What is the osmotic pressure of a 0.072 M aqueous Nacl at 308 K? (This is not a diffcult problem, so…

A: Colligative properties of solutions are defined as those properties which depend only on the…

Q: Lysozyme is an enzyme that cleaves cell walls. A 0.100-L sample of a solution of lysozyme that…

A: Given: Volume of solution = 0.100 L                 Mass of enzyme = 0.0750 g          Osmotic…

Q: The molal elevation constant for water is 0.513 °C kg mol–. When 0.8 mole of sugar is dissolved in…

A:

Q: Assuming 100% dissociation, calculate the freezing point (T) and boiling point (T,) of 2.73 m…

A:

Q: In order to find the molecular weight of hemoglobin 0.500 g was dissolved in enough water in a…

A: Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure applied on the solution side to stop the flow of solvent.…

Q: Assuming 100% dissociation, calculate the freezing point (T;) and boiling point (T,) of 2.17 m Na,…

A: To account for extent of the association or dissociation of any species in a system, van’t Hoff…

Solutions

Solutions can be considered as homogeneous mixtures which contain two or more than two chemical substances. The chemical substance which is the greater part is defined as solvent. And the chemical substance that is dissolved in a solvent is referred to as solute. Solution chemistry plays an important role in chemistry since it supports many commercial applications of solutions.