Suppose that there is a hurricane that leads to the destruction of some of the nation's capital stock (hereafter shock). Use the classical IS-LM model (with no misperceptions) to answer questions below. a. Determine the general-equilibrium effects of this shock on the following curves.
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- What, precisely, are the two shocks? (For the purpose of this question,let’s ignore the signifcant role played by the fnancial crisis itself.)Compare the effects of a negative demand shock, for example, a decline in autonomous investment, in the Kesnesian and Classical models show the effects of this shock on the level of real income, employment, the price level and the rate of interest in both models Answer this question only by using diagrams.Complete the following questions using the 6-quadrant diagram showing the effects of each shockbelow. For each shock explain and show- Explain how the shock affects the model (what changes?)Then show- What happens to output (real GDP)- What happens to the Price level P- What happens to real wages (w/P)- What happens to real Capital payments (R/P)Who is better or worse off after the shock: labor, capital owners, or both and explain yourreasoning. c) A sudden pandemic occurs in an economy that results in a large loss of life.d) A large increase in the level of taxation in the economy.e) An increase in the money supply in the economy. Do any of the shocks above illustrate the classical dichotomy (that nominal changes only have nominalbut not real effects)? If so, which ones?
- Linear stages theory, Structural-change model (Lewis two-sector model), International dependence/dominance model, Neoclassical model How do the contemporary models differ from the previous models? Coordination failures ComplementarityWhy do these models emphasize multiple equilibria and what does it mean?What problems may prevent economy from moving from a bad equilibrium to a stable one?Need to understand that graphWhat are the big push and O-ring theories (important to have a broad or general understanding ofthe two theories?)Please no written by hand solution Consider the following economic situations:C = $4.0 trillionI = $1.5 trillionG = $3.0 trillionT = $3.0 trillionNX = $1.0 trillionF = 0mpc = 0.8d = 0.35x = 0.15r = 1% λ = 0.5A. Calculate an expression for the IS, MP and AD curves ( r= ?, IS Y= ?, AD Y=?)B. Let AS curve be given by the relation: π = 6 + 1.5 (Y - 25.5) (i.e. the price shock is zero). What are the equilibrium values of inflation, output and the real interest rate(π, Y, r)?C. Suppose government purchases are raised from $3.0 trillion to $3.5 trillion. What are new short-run equilibrium inflation values, output and the real interest rate (π, Y, r}?D. Suppose a financial crisis begins, and ƒ increases ƒ = 3. (Assume government purchases are again as in part (a). What are the new short-run equilibrium values of inflation, output, and the interest rate (π, Y, r}?(Please solve all the parts with numerical steps so it could be practiced easily)Precautionary saving and prudence The Query to Example 17.2 asks how uncertainty about the future might affect a person's savings decisions. In this problem we explore this question more fully. All of our analysis is based on the simple two-period model in Example 17.1. a. To simplify matters, assume that r= in Equation 17.15. If consumption is certain, this implies that u(c0)=u(c1) or c0=c1. But suppose that consumption in period 1 will be subject to a zero-mean random shock, so that c1=c1p+x, where c1p is planned period- 1 consumption and x is a random variable with an expected value of 0. Describe why, in this context, utility maximization requires u(c0)=E[u(c1)] . b. Use Jensen's inequality (see Chapters 2 and 7 ) to show that this person will opt for c1pc0 , if and only if u is convex-that is, if and only if u0 . c. Kimball" suggests using the term "prudence" to describe a person whose utility function is characterized by u0 . Describe why the results from part (b) show that such a definition is consistent with everyday usage. d. In Example 17.2 we showed that real interest rates in the U.S. economy seem too low to reconcile actual consumption growth rates with evidence on individuals willingness to experience consumption fluctuations. If consumption growth rates were uncertain, would this explain or exacerbate the paradox?
- Consider a one-period model like the one considered in class. There are three states. At the beginning, everyone is unemployed. In the second stage, individuals search for a job. Suppose that the probability of finding a job is 0.5. in the third stage, individuals who found a job will work, while those who did not find a job remain unemployed. Each job pays wage w=10. If a person does not find a job he/she will collect unemployment benefits b=4. a)What is the expected income at the beginning of the economy (i.e. before the job search)?Use the extended IS-LM model graph to show where the US economy is functioning now given that the current u is 7.9% and the full-employment (FE) u (aka un) is 4%. [Hint: if u > u FE then Y< Y FE.] Indicate the gap and provide its name. Let’s assume that a “second covid-19 wave” in December 2020 leads to more lockdowns, so that many more businesses struggle to survive and face an increase in their probability of bankruptcy. What is this “shock” and what would it do, cet. par., to your graph of part a.? Explain any shift(s). Let’s assume the Federal Reserve fixes the gap in your graph of part b. Provide appropriate name(s) and policy tools and show what will happen in your graph of part b. What role, if any, does the “zero lower bound” play?Do you believe that the Hayek’s classical AD-AS model explain the factors that cause changes (shifts) in AS realistically? Why or why not?
- Assess the view that when an economy experiences a negative economic shock there willalways be a sustained increase in unemployment.Why do we impose ceteris paribus on a market when analyzing shocks? A. "Nothing else is changing in a market, so it is a realistic assumption." B. Ceteris Paribus allows analysts the ability to isolate effects from specific market shocks. C. "Market shocks occur one at a time, the assumption allows for sequential analysis." D. All of the answers are correct.Observe the classical version of the IS-LM model with all misperceptions. What is the main assumption and the main implication? How does the misperception theory work?