Suppose that you are interested in estimating the causal effect of X on Y; however, you are worried that your right-hand-side variable X is endogenously determined with your outcome variable Y. Further suppose that you have another variable Z that has the potential to be a good instrumental variable for X. Which of the following statements best describes how an instrument Z can be used to identify the causal effect of Xon Y? The instrument Z can serve as a proxy for the omitted variable that is causing the endogeneity problem. O The instrument Z isolates the exogenous variation in X from the endogenous variation in X. O The instrument Z cannot be used to identify the casual effect of X on Y because there is no solution to the endogeneity problem. The instrument Z can act as an additional right-hand-side variable and control for the endogeneity problem.
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- When using the social ecological model, which of the following would be considered part of the "exosystem" of influence on an individual's physical activity? O Personal factors O public policy O Institutional factors O Exosystem does not exist in the social ecological model If you have a client who wants to work out on his own, which of the following method of prescribing exercise intensity you should recommend to be more accurate? O Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) O Talk test O % Age predicted HRmax O % Heart rate reserve (measured)Consider the binary variable version of the fixed effects model with an additional regressor, D1; that is, let Yit = β0 + β1Xit + γ1D1i + γ2D2i +...+ γnDni + ui.a) Suppose that n = 3. Show that the binary regressors and the “constant” regressor areperfectly multicollinear; that is, express one of the variables D1i , D2i, D3i, and X0it as aperfect linear function of the others, where X0it = 1 for all i,t.b) Show the result in (a) for general n.c) What will happen if you try to estimate the coefficients of the regression by OLS?The model initial setup is• The number of vacancies posted in the economy during a particular month is v = 100.• There were initially u = 225 unemployed workers at the beginning of the month.• Suppose that the average wage is 0.6 relative to their productivity. Unemployed workersreceive benefits that are half the wage, i.e., b = 0.3 relative to productivity.• Suppose that the number of matches between firms and workers are given by thefollowing matching functionsM = Au^0.5v^0.5• Suppose that 45 workers were able to find a job by the end of the month.Answer the following questions.a) What is the monthly job finding rate?b) What is the probability that an average vacancy is filled in a month?c) What is the job creation cost, k?d) What is the value of A?e) Explain how introducing a searching cost to this model would affect the queue length,the number of vacancy and unemployment rate, and wage.