Suppose there are four large manufacturers of toilet paper tissue. The largest firm announces that it will raise its prices by 15 percent due to higher raw materials. Within three days, the other three large toilet paper manufacturers announce similar price hikes. Would this decision to raise prices constitute evidence of explicit collusion among the four companies? Briefly explain.
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- Explain what is meant by Machlup’s distinction between the degrees of collusion and the forms of collusion.Suppose that firm A and firm B repeatedly face the situation presented in the table below, and the interest rate is 40 percent. The firms agree to charge a high price each period, provided neither firm has cheated on this agreement in the past. Fir m B Firm A Price Low High Low 0, 0 50; -40 High -40, 50 10; 10 What are firm’s A profits if it cheats on the collusive agreement? What are A’s profits if it does not cheat on the collusive agreement? Does equilibrium result where the firms charge the high price each period?high low high 11, 11 2,18 low 18, 2 10,10 Suppose there are only two firms that sell tablets: Padmania and Capturesque. The following payoff matrix shows the profit (in millions of dollars) each company will earn, depending on whether it sets a high or low price for its tablets. For example, the lower-left cell shows that if Padmania prices low and Capturesque prices high, Padmania will earn a profit of $18 million, and Capturesque will earn a profit of $2 million. Assume this is a simultaneous game and that Padmania and Capturesque are both profit-maximizing firms. If the firms do not collude, what strategies will they end up choosing? 1. Padmania will choose a low price, and Capturesque will choose a high price. 2. Both Padmania and Capturesque will choose a high price. 3. Padmania will choose a high price, and Capturesque will choose a low price. 4. Both Padmania and Capturesque will choose a low price. True or False: The…
- Examine the concept of collusion and investigate the differente types of collusion that exist.Suppose that GE is trying to prevent Maytag from entering the market for high efficiency clothes dryers. Even though high efficiency dryers are more costly to produce, they are also more profitable as they command sufficiently higher prices from consumers. The following payoffs table shows the annual profits for GE and Maytag for the advertising spending and entry decisions that they are facing. GE MAYTAG Advertising = $12m Advertising = $0.7m Stay Out $0, $30m $0, $35m Enter $1m , $20m $12m, $15 Based on this information, can GE successfully prevent Maytag from entering this market by increasing its advertising levels? What is the equilibrium outcome in this game? Suppose that an analyst at GE is convinced that just a little bit more advertising by GE, say another $2m, would be sufficient to deter enough customers from buying Maytag, thus, yield less than $0 profits for Maytag in the event it enters. Suppose that spending an extra $2m on advertising…Suppose that two firms, Lucky Bird and Full Coop, are the only sellers of seitan buffalo wings in some hypothetical market. The following payoff matrix gives the profit (in millions of dollars) earned by each company depending on whether or not it chooses to advertise: Full Coop Advertise Doesn't Advertise Lucky Bird Advertise 9, 9 15, 3 Doesn't Advertise 3, 15 11, 11 For example, the lower left cell of the matrix shows that if Full Coop advertises and Lucky Bird does not advertise, Full Coop will make a profit of $15 million, and Lucky Bird will make a profit of $3 million. Assume this is a simultaneous game and that Lucky Bird and Full Coop are both profit-maximizing firms. If Lucky Bird chooses to advertise, it will earn a profit of million if Full Coop advertises and a profit of million if Full Coop does not advertise. If Lucky Bird chooses not to advertise, it will earn a profit of million if Full Coop advertises and a profit of million if…
- A certain rural village has numerous small farms which raise livestock. There are two large and equally sized landowners, Jimmy and Bob, which produce hay for the farmers’ animals. Below is the daily village demand for hay Suppose, for simplicity, that Jimmy and Bob have the same constant cost structure, so maximizing total revenue maximizes profit. If Jimmy and Bob initially form a cartel, but subsequently succumb to the temptation to cheat on each other, what will be the Nash equilibrium? Jimmy and Bob will each earn a daily profit of $625. Jimmy will earn a daily profit of $700 and Bob will earn a daily profit of $500. Bob will earn a daily profit of $700 and Jimmy will earn a daily profit of $500. Jimmy and Bob will each earn a daily profit of $525.suppose there are only two firms that sell tablets: Padmania and Capturesque. The following payoff matrix shows the profit (in millions of dollars) each company will earn, depending on whether it sets a high or low price for its tablets. Capturesque Pricing High Low Padmania Pricing High 11, 11 2, 18 Low 18, 2 10, 10 For example, the lower-left cell shows that if Padmania prices low and Capturesque prices high, Padmania will earn a profit of $18 million, and Capturesque will earn a profit of $2 million. Assume this is a simultaneous game and that Padmania and Capturesque are both profit-maximizing firms. If Padmania prices high, Capturesque will make more profit if it chooses a ______ price, and if Padmania prices low, Capturesque will make more profit if it chooses a _____ price. If Capturesque prices ______ high, Padmania will make more profit if it chooses a price, and if Capturesque prices low, Padmania will make more profit if it chooses a _____…Consider a market with four firms. Suppose the first firm has a 39% market share, the second firm has a 30% market share, the third firm has a 20% market share, and the fourth firm has a 11% market share. Using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), what is this market's level of concentration? Now suppose the third and fourth firms propose to merge. Were they to merge, then the market's HHI would increase to? Given the increase in the HHI that would be caused by the proposed merger, would the government likely allow such a merger to occur?
- Joe and Rebecca are small-town ready-mix concrete duopolists. The market demand function is Qd = 10,000 – 100P, where P is the price of a cubic yard of concrete and Qd is the number of cubic yards demanded per year. Marginal cost is $25 per cubic yard. Suppose that Joe and Rebecca compete in quantities and competition in this market is described by Cournot model. What are Joe and Rebecca’s Nash equilibrium outputs? What is the resulting price? What do they each earn as profit? How does the price compare to the marginal cost? Joe and Rebecca are small-town ready-mix concrete duopolists. The market demand function is Qd = 10,000 – 100P, where P is the price of a cubic yard of concrete and Qd is the number of cubic yards demanded per year. Marginal cost is $25 per cubic yard. Suppose that Joe and Rebecca compete in quantities and competition in this market is described by Cournot model. What are Joe and Rebecca’s Nash equilibrium outputs? What is the resulting price? What do they each…Imagine there are two companies, East Wafer and West Wafer, which produce silicon wafers, the base component in the microchips which constitute the brains of our computers. Below is the daily demand for silicon wafers Suppose, for simplicity, East Wafer and West Wafer have the same constant cost structure, so maximizing total revenue maximizes profit. If East Wafer and West Wafer are able to form a cartel and collude without cheating on each other, what will be the price of a silicon wafer? $40 $50 $60 $70In the market for video game consoles, Microsoft and Sony are essentially a duopoly, with Nintendo at a distant third. Consider a purely hypothetical game in which the executives of the two companies are deciding how much they will spend on advertising. To simplify, assume that they can either spend a lot or spend a little. If both firms spend a lot, Sony's hypothetical profit will be $2 billion and Microsoft's hypothetical profit will be $1 billion. If they both spend a little, Sony's profit will be $9 billion and Microsoft's profit will be $7 billion. If Sony spends a lot and Microsoft spends a little, Sony's profit will be $8 billion and Microsoft's profit will be $2 billion. Finally, if Sony spends a little and Microsoft spends a lot, Sony's profit will be $3 billion and Microsoft's profit will be $6 billion. Create the payoff matrix for this game. Does Sony have a dominant strategy? If so, what is it? Does Microsoft have a dominant strategy? If so, what is…