Sympathetic neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine predominantly bind beta2- adrenergic receptors on lymphocytes ,of adaptive immunity. These receptors are expressed to a low level on: OB cells CD4+ T cells
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- The function of Th lymphocytes at the immunological synapse is to __________. View Available Hint(s) for Part A strengthen the synapse eliminate the synapse limit the synapse remember the synapseFigure shows a series of events for the response in innate immune defense. a)State ONE main event happening in J in fighting pathogens. b)Natural killer cell has the ability to kill virus-infected cells and tumour cells rapidly. How do natural killer cells in event K recognise and kill these cells?Cytotoxic effector T cells also produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g and TNF-a when their T-cell receptor recognizes peptide:MHC on a target cell. One effect of this cytokine secretion is to enhance the ability of CD8 effector T cells to recognize and kill other infected cells in the nearby vicinity. This enhanced activity is due to: The increased production of perforin and granzymes by CD8 cells The up-regulation of MHC class I protein expression by IFN-g The ability of TNF-a to induce vascular leakage The effect of cytokines on promoting target cell apoptosis The effect of IFN-g to enhance viral replication leading to increased viral antigen presentation
- 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-022-00692-1 (link to research) a) In the effect of mitoxantrone on histopathological changes in the brain section of the results section the authors wrote “Post-administration of mitoxantrone to sedentary and exercised groups smaller patches of demyelination with microcyst formation and lymphocytic infiltrates were seen; and bare unmyelinated axons were fewer (Figs. 3D, E, I, J and 4D, E, I, J).” Based on this quote, what is mitoxantrone doing exactly/directly? b) In the histopathological study section of the materials and methods section the authors wrote “Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining was used for assessment of demyelination in the cerebellum and brain stem and scored as described previously by Zhang et al. [21] and illustrated in Table 2.” Why was demyelination assessed in this study?Mobilization of neutrophils to fight infection in tissue is mediated by all except which a. TNF-a production by macrophages b. upregulation of selectins on blood vessel endothelium c. interferon response d. generation of a CXCL8 gradient e. extravasation across endothelium f. proteolysis of basement membrane of blood vessels.One theory for long-lasting immunity assumes that humans arecontinually exposed to the disease-causing agent. Explain how thisexposure can produce lifelong immunity
- When an immature dendritic cell becomes an activated dendritic cell, all of the following changes occur except _____. a. confinement to T-cell regions of lymph node cortex b. development of elaborate finger-like processes c. upregulated expression of MHC class II at the cell surface d. loss of antigen-processing functions e. expression of Toll-like receptor TLR9.During the chemotaxis phase of the inflammatory response,a. C-reactive protein is secreted by damaged parenchymal cells in the tissue, which attracts neutrophils, which secrete leukotrienes and prostaglandins to attract macrophages; a purulent exudate is formed.b. Band cells respond to hyperthermia by producing TNF-α and interleukins, which then cause a left shift that results in the accumulation of neutrophils within the tissue.c. Damaged parenchymal cells release prostaglandins and leukotrienes to attract macrophages, causing a left shift and the formation of a purulent exudate.d. Cytokines, such as TNF-α, are released by damaged parenchymal cells, while leukotrienes and prostaglandins produced by neutrophils cause smooth muscle constriction and the further accumulation of leukocytes.In regard to antigen presentation, MHC class I molecules usually present peptides derived from _____, whereas MHC class II molecules usually present peptides derived from _____. a. intracellular cytosolic sources; vesicular system b. phagolysosome; proteasomes c. MIIC; self proteins d. CLIP; HLA-DM e. endocytic vesicles; endoplasmic reticulum.
- Why are CD8+/αβT-cells important? Explain the function of the mature activated CD8+/αβT-cell and list 3 cytotoxic effector molecules they secrete and 3 cytokines they secrete.Which of these are the products of the immune response that will stay with the person for long term immunity? Memory-T's and circulating antigen Helper T's and circulating antigen Memory T's and thymus Memory-T's and circulating antibody_____antibodies are predominant in primary immune response,while _____________ antibodies are predominant in secondary immuneresponse