The amino acid tyrosine contains a phenolic R-group and has pKa values of 2.2, 9.0, and 10.2. A sample of tyrosine is titrated from pH = 1.0 to pH = 14.0 with NaOH. a. At which pH will all the amino acid molecules be in their fully protonated form? b. At which pH will half the amino acid molecules be in their zwitterion form? c. At which pH will half the amino acid molecules have a +1 charge? d. At which pH will all the amino acid molecules have a -1 charge? e. What is the isoelectric point of tyrosine?

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Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.