Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 10th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399074
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
1 Basic Concepts Of Chemistry 2 Atoms Molecules And Ions 3 Chemical Reactions 4 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information About Chemical Reactions 5 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Energy And Chemical Reactions 6 The Structure Of Atoms 7 The Structure Of Atoms And Periodic Trends 8 Bonding And Molecular Structure 9 Bonding And Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization And Molecular Orbitals 10 Gases And Their Properties 11 Intermolecular Forces And Liquids 12 The Solid State 13 Solutions And Their Behavior 14 Chemical Kinetics: The Rates Of Chemical Reactions 15 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria 16 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry Of Acids And Bases 17 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects Of Aqueous Equilibria 18 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy And Free Energy 19 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions 20 Environmental Chemistry-earth's Environment, Energy, And Sustainability 21 The Chemistry Of The Main Group Elements 22 The Chemistry Of The Transistion Elements 23 Carbon: Not Just Another Element 24 Biochemistry 25 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter2: Atoms Molecules And Ions
2.1 Atomic Structure, Atomic Number, And Atomic Mass 2.2 Isotopes And Atomic Weight 2.3 The Periodic Table 2.4 Molecules, Compounds And Formulas 2.5 Ionic Compounds: Formulas, Names, And Properties 2.6 Atoms, Molecules, And The Mole 2.7 Chemical Analysis: Determining Compound Formulas 2.8 Instrumental Analysis: Determining Compound Formulas Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1PS Problem 2PS: Define mass number. What is the difference between mass number and atomic mass? Problem 3PS: An atom has a very small nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud. Figure 2.1 represents the nucleus... Problem 4PS: A gold atom has a radius of 145 pm. If you could string gold atoms like beads on a thread, how many... Problem 5PS: Give the complete symbol(ZAX), including atomic number and mass number, for each of the following... Problem 6PS: Give the complete symbol(ZAX), including atomic number and mass number, of (a) a nickel atom with 31... Problem 7PS Problem 8PS: Atomic structure. (a) The synthetic radioactive element technetium is used in many medical studies.... Problem 9PS Problem 10PS: In 1886 Eugene Goldstein observed positively charged particles moving in the opposite direction to... Problem 11PS: Marie Curie was born in Poland but studied and carried out her research in Paris. In 1903, she... Problem 12PS Problem 13PS: The mass of an 16 O atom is 15.995 u. What is its mass relative to the mass of an atom of 12C? Problem 14PS: What is the mass of one 16O atom, in grams? (The mass of an 16O atom is 15.995 u.) Problem 15PS: Cobalt has three radioactive isotopes used in medical studies. Atoms of these isotopes have 30, 31,... Problem 16PS: Naturally occurring silver exists as two isotopes having mass numbers 107 and 109. How many protons,... Problem 17PS: Name and describe the composition of the three hydrogen isotopes. Problem 18PS: Which of the following are isotopes of element X, the atomic number for which is 9: 919X, 920X,... Problem 19PS: Thallium has two stable isotopes, 203TIand 205Tl. Knowing that the atomic weight of thallium is... Problem 20PS: Strontium has four stable isotopes. Strontium-84 has a very low natural abundance, but 86Sr, 87Sr,... Problem 21PS: Verify that the atomic weight of lithium is 6.94, given the following information: 6Li, mass =... Problem 22PS: Verify that the atomic weight of magnesium is 24.31, given the following information: 24Mg, mass =... Problem 23PS: Gallium has two naturally occurring isotopes, 69Ga and 71Ga, with masses of 68.9257 u and 70.9249 u,... Problem 24PS: Europium has two stable isotopes, 151Eu and 153Eu, with masses of 150.9197 u and 152.9212 u,... Problem 25PS: Titanium and thallium have symbols that are easily confused with each other. Give the symbol, atomic... Problem 26PS: In Groups 4A-6A, there are several elements whose symbols begin with S. Name these elements, and for... Problem 27PS: How many periods of the periodic table have 8 elements, how many have 18 elements, and how many have... Problem 28PS Problem 29PS Problem 30PS Problem 31PS: Classify the following elements as metals, metalloids, or nonmetals: N, Na, Ni, Ne, and Np. Problem 32PS Problem 33PS Problem 34PS Problem 35PS: What is the charge on the common monatomic ions of the following elements? (a) magnesium (b) zinc... Problem 36PS: What is the charge on the common monatomic ions of the following elements? (a) selenium (b) fluorine... Problem 37PS Problem 38PS Problem 39PS: When a potassium atom becomes a monatomic ion, how many electrons does it lose or gain? What noble... Problem 40PS: When oxygen and sulfur atoms become monatomic ions, how many electrons does each lose or gain? Which... Problem 41PS Problem 42PS Problem 43PS: Give the formula and the number of each ion that makes up each of the following compounds: (a) K2S... Problem 44PS: Give the formula and the number of each ion that makes up each of the following compounds: (a)... Problem 45PS Problem 46PS Problem 47PS Problem 48PS Problem 49PS Problem 50PS Problem 51PS Problem 52PS Problem 53PS: Write the formulas for the four ionic compounds that can be made by combining each of the cations... Problem 54PS: Write the formulas for the four ionic compounds that can be made by combining the cations Mg2+ and... Problem 55PS: Sodium ions, Na+, form ionic compounds with fluoride ions, F, and iodide ions, I. The radii of these... Problem 56PS: Consider the two ionic compounds NaCl and CaO. In which compound are the cation-anion attractive... Problem 57PS Problem 58PS: Name each of the following binary, nonionic compounds: (a) N2O5 (b) P4S3 (c) OF2 (d) XeF4 Problem 59PS Problem 60PS Problem 61PS: Calculate the mass, in grams, of each the following: (a) 2.5 mol of aluminum (b) 1.25 103 mol of... Problem 62PS: Calculate the mass, in grams, of each the following: (a) 4.24 mol of gold (b) 15.6 mol of He (c)... Problem 63PS: Calculate the amount (moles) represented by each of the following: (a) 127.08 g of Cu (b) 0.012 g of... Problem 64PS: Calculate the amount (moles) represented by each of the following: (a) 16.0 g of Na (b) 0.876 g of... Problem 65PS: You are given 1.0-g samples of He, Fe, Li, Si, and C. Which sample contains the largest number of... Problem 66PS: You are given 0.10-g samples of K, Mo, Cr, and Al. List the samples in order of the amount (moles),... Problem 67PS: Analysis of a 10.0-g sample of apatite (a major component of tooth enamel) showed that it was made... Problem 68PS: A semiconducting material is composed of 52 g of Ga, 9.5 g of Al, and 112 g of As. Which element has... Problem 69PS: Calculate the molar mass of each of the following compounds: (a) Fe2O3, iron(III) oxide (b) BCI3,... Problem 70PS: Calculate the molar mass of each of the following compounds: (a) Fe(C6H11O7)2, iron(II) gluconate, a... Problem 71PS: Calculate the molar mass of each hydrated compound. Note that the water of hydration is included in... Problem 72PS Problem 73PS: What mass is represented by 0.0255 mol of each of the following compounds? (a) C3H7OH, 2-propanol,... Problem 74PS: Assume you have 0.123 mol of each of the following compounds. What mass of each is present? (a)... Problem 75PS: Sulfur trioxide, SO3, is made industrially in enormous quantities by combining oxygen and sulfur... Problem 76PS: How many ammonium ions and how many sulfate ions are present in a 0.20 mol sample of (NH4)2SO4? How... Problem 77PS: Acetaminophen, whose structure is drawn below, is the active ingredient in some nonprescription pain... Problem 78PS: An Alka-Seltzer tablet contains 324 mg of aspirin (C.9H8O4,), 1904 mg of NaHCO3, and 1000. mg of... Problem 79PS: Calculate the mass percent of each element in the following compounds: (a) PbS, lead(I1) sulfide,... Problem 80PS: Calculate the mass percent of each element in the following compounds: (a) C8H10N2O2, caffeine (b)... Problem 81PS: Calculate the mass percent of copper in CuS, copper(II) sulfide. If you wish to obtain 10.0 g of... Problem 82PS: Calculate the mass percent of titanium in the mineral ilmenite, FeTiO3. What mass of ilmenite (in... Problem 83PS: Succinic acid occurs in fungi and lichens. Its empirical formula isC2H3O2, and its molar mass is... Problem 84PS: An organic compound has the empirical formula C2H4NO. If its molar mass is 116.1 g/mol, what is the... Problem 85PS Problem 86PS: Complete the following table: Problem 87PS: Acetylene is a colorless gas used as a fuel in welding torches, among other things. It is 92.26% C... Problem 88PS: A large family of boron-hydrogen compounds has the general formula BxHy. One member of this family... Problem 89PS: Cumene, a hydrocarbon, is a compound composed only of C and H. It is 89.94% carbon, and its molar... Problem 90PS: In 2006, a Russian team discovered an interesting molecule they called sulflower because of its... Problem 91PS: Mandelic acid is an organic acid composed of carbon (63.15%), hydrogen (5.30%), and oxygen (31.55%).... Problem 92PS: Nicotine, a poisonous compound found in tobacco leaves, is 74.0% C, 8.65% H, and 17.35% N. Its molar... Problem 93PS: A compound containing xenon and fluorine was prepared by shining sunlight on a mixture of Xe (0.526... Problem 94PS: Elemental sulfur (1.256 g) is combined with fluorine, to give a compound with the formula SFx, a... Problem 95PS: Epsom salt is used in tanning leather and in medicine. It is hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4 7... Problem 96PS: You combine 1.25 g of germanium, Ge, with excess chlorine, Cl2. The mass of product, GexCly, is 3.69... Problem 97PS: The mass spectrum of nitrogen dioxide is illustrated here. (a) Identify the cations present for each... Problem 98PS: The mass spectrum of phosphoryl chloride. POF3, is illustrated here. (a) Identify the cation... Problem 99PS: The mass spectrum of CH3Cl is illustrated here. You know that carbon has two stable isotopes, and... Problem 100PS Problem 101GQ: Fill in the blanks in the table (one column per element). Problem 102GQ: Potassium has three naturally occurring isotopes (39K, 40K, and 41K), but 40K has a very low natural... Problem 103GQ: Crossword Puzzle: In the 2 2 box shown here, each answer must be correct four ways: horizontally,... Problem 104GQ: The following chart shows a general decline in abundance with increasing mass among the first 30... Problem 105GQ: Copper atoms. (a) What is the average mass of one copper atom? (b) Students in a college computer... Problem 106GQ Problem 107GQ Problem 108GQ: Identify two nonmetallic elements that have allotropes and describe the allotropes of each. Problem 109GQ Problem 110GQ Problem 111GQ Problem 112GQ: When a sample of phosphorus burns in air, the compound P4O10 forms. One experiment showed that 0.744... Problem 113GQ: Although carbon-12 is now used as the standard for atomic weights, this has not always been the case... Problem 114GQ: A reagent occasionally used in chemical synthesis is sodium-potassium alloy. (Alloys are mixtures of... Problem 115GQ Problem 116GQ Problem 117GQ: Which of the following compounds has the highest mass percent of chlorine? (a) BCl3 (b) AsCl3 (c)... Problem 118GQ: Which of the following samples has the largest number of ions? (a) 1.0 g of BeCl2 (b) 1.0 g of MgCl2... Problem 119GQ: The structure of one of the bases in DNA, adenine, is shown here. Which represents the greater mass:... Problem 120GQ Problem 121GQ: A drop of water has a volume of about 0.050 mL. How many molecules of water are in a drop of water?... Problem 122GQ: Capsaicin, the compound that gives the hot taste to chili peppers, has the formula C18H27NO3. (a)... Problem 123GQ Problem 124GQ: Write the molecular formula and calculate the molar mass for each of the molecules shown here. Which... Problem 125GQ: Malic acid, an organic acid found in apples, contains C, H, and O in the following ratios:... Problem 126GQ: Your doctor has diagnosed you as being anemicthat is, as having too little iron in your blood. At... Problem 127GQ: A compound composed of iron and carbon monoxide, Fex(CO)y, is 30.70% iron. What is the empirical... Problem 128GQ: Ma huang, an extract from the ephedra species of plants, contains ephedrine. The Chinese have used... Problem 129GQ: Saccharin, a molecular model of which is shown below, is more than 300 times sweeter than sugar. It... Problem 130GQ Problem 131GQ: Write the formula for each of the following pounds and indicate which ones are best described as... Problem 132GQ: Complete the table by placing symbols, formulas, and names in the blanks. Problem 133GQ: Empirical and molecular formulas. (a) Fluorocarbonyl hypofluorite is composed of 14.6% C, 30.0% O,... Problem 134GQ: Cacodyl, a compound containing arsenic, was reported in 1842 by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm... Problem 135GQ: The action of bacteria on meat and fish produces a compound called cadaverine. As its name and... Problem 136GQ: In the laboratory you combine 0.125 g of nickel with CO and isolate 0.364 g of Ni(CO)x. What is the... Problem 137GQ: A compound called MMT was once used to boost the octane rating of gasoline. What is the empirical... Problem 138GQ: Elemental phosphorus is made by heating calcium phosphate with carbon and sand in an electric... Problem 139GQ: Chromium is obtained by heating chromium(III) oxide with carbon. Calculate the mass percent of... Problem 140GQ: Stibnite, Sb2S3, is a dark gray mineral from which antimony metal is obtained. What is the mass... Problem 141GQ: Direct reaction of iodine (I2) and chlorine (Cl2) produces an iodine chloride, IxCly, a bright... Problem 142GQ: In a reaction, 2.04 g of vanadium combined with 1.93 g of sulfur to give a pure compound. What is... Problem 143GQ: Iron pyrite, often called fools gold, has the formula FeS2. If you could convert 15.8 kg of iron... Problem 144GQ: Which of the following statements about 57.1 g of octane, C8H18 is (are) not true? (a) 57.1 g is... Problem 145GQ: The formula of barium molybdate is BaMoO4. Which of the following is the formula of sodium... Problem 146GQ: A metal M forms a compound with the formula MCl4. If the compound is 74.75% chlorine, what is the... Problem 147GQ: Pepto-Bismol, which can help provide relief for an upset stomach, contains 300. mg of bismuth... Problem 148GQ: The weight percent of oxygen in an oxide that has the formula MO2 is 15.2%. What is the molar mass... Problem 149GQ: The mass of 2.50 mol of a compound with the formula ECl4, in which E is a nonmetallic element, is... Problem 150GQ: The elements A and Z combine to produce two different compounds: A2Z3 and AZ2. If 0.15 mol of A2Z3... Problem 151GQ: Polystyrene can be prepared by heating styrene with tribromobenzoyl peroxide in the absence of air.... Problem 152GQ: A sample of hemoglobin is found to be 0.335% iron. What is the molar mass of hemoglobin if there are... Problem 153GQ: Consider an atom of 64Zn. (a) Calculate the density of the nucleus in grams per cubic centimeter,... Problem 154GQ: Estimating the radius of a lead atom. (a) You are given a cube of lead that is 1.000 cm on each... Problem 155GQ: A piece of nickel foil, 0.550 mm thick and 1.25 cm square, is allowed to react with fluorine, F2, to... Problem 156GQ: Uranium is used as a fuel, primarily in the form of uranium(IV) oxide, in nuclear power plants. This... Problem 157GQ: In an experiment, you need 0.125 mol of sodium metal. Sodium can be cut easily with a knife (Figure... Problem 158GQ: Mass spectrometric analysis showed that there are four isotopes of an unknown element having the... Problem 159IL: If Epsom salt, MgSO4 x H2O, is heated to 250 C, all the water of hydration is lost. On heating a... Problem 160IL: The alum used in cooking is potassium aluminum sulfate hydrate, KAl(SO4)2 x H2O. To find the value... Problem 161IL: Tin metal (Sn) and purple iodine (I2) combine to form orange, solid tin iodide with an unknown... Problem 162IL: When analyzed, an unknown compound gave these experimental results: C, 54.0%; h, 6.00%; and O,... Problem 163IL: Two general chemistry students working together in the lab weigh out 0.832 g of CaCl2 2 H2O into a... Problem 164IL: To find the empirical formula of tin oxide, you first react tin metal with nitric acid in a... Problem 165SCQ Problem 166SCQ Problem 167SCQ: The photo here depicts what happens when a coil of magnesium ribbon and a few calcium chips are... Problem 168SCQ: A jar contains some number of jelly beans. To find out precisely how many are in the jar, you could... Problem 18PS: Which of the following are isotopes of element X, the atomic number for which is 9: 919X, 920X,...
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Concept explainers
The atomic number , which defines the element is always equal to the total number of
Definition Definition Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It uniquely identifies an element, as the number of protons determines the element's properties. The periodic table of elements is arranged based on increasing atomic numbers, allowing scientists to easily locate and study elements.
Expert Solution
Every element is made up of atoms .
Atoms consists of electrons , protons and neutrons. These are called sub atomic particles .
Protons and neutrons are present inside the nucleus and electrons are present outside the nucleus .
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