The autoimmune attack on nAChR leads to a decrease in the number of available receptors due to antibodies binding to the receptors. 2. Where could you find these antibodies binding? Choose ALL that apply. a. effectors of the parasympathetic nervous system b. effectors of the somatic nervous system c. effectors of the sympathetic nervous system d. pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system e. pre-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system f. post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system g. post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system PLEASE EXPLAIN YOUR REASONING

The autoimmune attack on nAChR leads to a decrease in the number of available receptors due to antibodies binding to the receptors. 2. Where could you find these antibodies binding? Choose ALL that apply. a. effectors of the parasympathetic nervous system b. effectors of the somatic nervous system c. effectors of the sympathetic nervous system d. pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system e. pre-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system f. post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system g. post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system PLEASE EXPLAIN YOUR REASONING

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter45: Defenses Against Disease

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5TYK

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. A) What is the significance of producing monoclonal antibodies? B) What is the role of cell culture in production of monoclonal antibodies? C) Name and briefly explain the use of any 4 commercially available monoclonal antibodies.
B cell-receptors differ from T cell-receptors in that ________. A) B cell-receptors are immunoglobulins similar to those that are secreted, whereas T cell-receptors are not immunoglobulins and are never secreted B) T cell-receptors are much smaller than B cell-receptors C) All of the choices reflect differences between B cell- and T cell-receptors. D) B cell-receptors are comprised of four polypeptides, whereas T cell-receptors are made up of two polypeptides
a. Explain why most immune reactions result in a polyclonalcollection of antibodies.b. How do monoclonal antibodies differ from this?c. Describe several applications of monoclonals in medicine.
Some drugs and toxic compounds interfere with removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft once they have been released. (1) Explain the two basic mechanisms affected by Sarin nerve gas and the drug Prozac. (2) If you were investigating an autoimmune disease that appeared to interfere with removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, and you were able to isolate the causative antibody from the patient's serum, how could you use that antibody to investigate whether it affected one of the two inactivation mechanisms?
Which of the following statements is NOT true of a fever?a. Temperature is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting.b. The higher than normal body temperature impairs the functions of some bacteria.c. The higher than normal body temperature is always harmful.d. The higher temperature impairs leukocytes andantibody production.e. Both c and d. Which of the following statements is NOT true of antibodies?a. They bind to foreign antigens, making them susceptible to being engulfed by phagocytes.b. They serve as specific binding sites on B cells.c. An antibody is usually able to bind to a variety of different types of antigensd. They are composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.
Select all of the following statetments that apply to immunological memory: A. A small population of plasma cells secrete pathogen-specific antibody long after pathogen clearance from the body. B. Memory T cells and memory B cells originate in secondary lymphoid tissue through colonal expansion. C. Memory T cells are produced during secondary immune responses, but not during primary immune responses. D. During a primary immune response, effector B cells outnumber memory cells. E. protective immunity persists for the same period regardless of the type of pathogen F. Memory B cells generated in secondary immune responses are more effective than memory B cells made in primary immune responses because of affinity maturation
Which of these statements about the Fab portion of antibodies is true? a.It binds to antigens. b.Its amino acid sequences are variable. c. It consists of both H and L chains. d. All of these are true.
a. Describe what could be summarized as the three Rs of immunity:recognize, react, remember.b. Why would it be necessary for the T cells to bind both antigen andself (MHC) receptors?
Why must antibody treatments like ZMapp be composed of monoclonal antibodies instead of polyclonal antibodies? a. Therapeutic antibodies must all bind the same epitope. b. Therapeutic antibodies must NOT all bind the same epitope. c. Monoclonal antibodies have much higher binding affinity than polyclonal antibodies. d. Monoclonal antibodies have much lower binding affinity than polyclonal antibodies. e. Monoclonal antibodies can be produced indefinitely; polyclonal antibodies can only be produced for a short time. IS it B? Can you please explain
1. How does the thymus help the body avoid autoimmune responses? (A) By negatively selecting T cells with receptors that bind to peptide-MHC complexes with high affinity. (B) By positively selecting T cells with receptors that only recognize self peptides. (C) By facilitating cell signaling between T cell surface receptors and antigens in the thymic capsule. (D) By using clonal deletion to eliminate antigen-presenting cells that have low affinity for T cells receptors. 2. Functions of the innate immune system include all of these EXCEPT: (A) to eliminate pathogens directly. (B) to mediate the inflammatory response. (C) to activate the adaptive immune system. (D) All of these are functions of the innate immune system.
1. Antigens are made up of specific sequences of amino acids called ----- that determine their structure. A. epitopes B. multivalent sites C. paratropes D. constant regions 2. Which scenario best describes antibody cross-reactivity? A. A single pathogen with multiple epitopes is recognized by a multivalent antibody. B. Multipleepitopes are recognized by multiple antibodies C. A single epitope is recognized by multiple antibodies D. Two distinct, but structurally similar epitopes are recognized by the same antibody 3. What is the major benefit of cross-reactivity? A. Cross-reactivity permits the allergic response. B. Cross-reactivity promotes a faster immune response against unrelated pathogens. C. Cross-reactivity enhances immunity by providing protection against related pathogens. D. Cross-reactivity allows the immune system to respond to pathogens in various locations within the host (i.e., skin, mucosal tissues, extracellular fluids, etc.)
40. Based on exposure to an atgen, which statement is accurate? a. the secondary response to the initial antigen is both faster and more intense than the primary response. b. the secondary repsonse to the intial antigen is both slower and more intense than the primary response. c. the primary repsonse to the intial innjection never subsides. d. the primary and secondary repsonses to the initial antigen are about equal.