A)   What is the significance of producing monoclonal antibodies?  B)     What is the role of cell culture in production of monoclonal antibodies?  C)     Name and briefly explain the use of any 4 commercially available                      monoclonal antibodies.

Q: What advantages do monoclonal antibodies have compared topolyclonal antibodies? How are mAbs…

A: Introduction  Antibodies: Anti means “Against”; body here refer to antigens hence antibodies are the…

Q: What is the difference between a primary antibody and a secondary antibody?

A: An immunoglobulin or antibody can be defined as the glycoproteins sythesized by immune system is…

Q: What are the mechanisms used by B cells to generate antibody diversity?

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced in response to an antigenic stimulation. They mai either…

Q: What is the purpose of using a secondary antibody?

A: Antibodies are the sites where antigen binding occurs on the surfaces of B- cell or membrane,…

Q: Define polyclonal antibodies.

A: Antibodies are Y shaped soluble glycoproteins that are produced in response to the antigens by…

Q: What is the function of the variable regions in an antibody molecule?

A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of external pathogens. The…

Q: Which is typical of antibody–antigen reactions?

A: Antigen and antibodies are a part of the immune system that provides immunity to an organism.…

Q: how do antibodies become specific for a given antigen ?

A: A type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte recognises the antigen as being foreign and produces…

Q: What is Delayed hypersensitivity?

A: Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions created by the conventional immune system, as well…

Q: What are the protective outcomes of antibodies binding to antigen?

A: In response to antigenic stimulation, antibodies are produced which are immunoglobulins. The…

Q: What is an antigen-presenting cell? By which mechanism do the “present” antigens?

A: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are essential for the initiation and maintenance of adaptive immune…

Q: What is meant by the “window” regarding antibody presence in the blood?

A: Any abnormal condition that hinders normal body functioning is considered a disease. Pathogen attack…

Q: What is Allergy (Hypersensitivity)?

A: When immune system responds abnormally to a foreign substance like antigen or an allergen  , it's…

Q: True or False: Plasma B cells secrete antibodies into the bloodstream?

A: Plasma B Cells, also known as Plasma cells are a differentiated white blood cells which are capable…

Q: How do the Fc and variable regions of antibodies differ?

A: The structure of all immunoglobulins consists of four chains: two identical light chains and two…

Q: Define the Classes of Human Antibodies ?

A: Antibodies are used as a defense against various pathogens. Antibodies are used to prevent and cure…

Q: Define monoclonal antibody.

A: An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly…

Q: How is the bivalence of antibodies significant for a precipitationreaction, and under what…

A: Antibodies are the Y-shaped molecules that are responsible for binding to the foreign particles and…

Q: What is the monoclonal surface membrane immunoglobulin for b cell with burkitt's lymphoma?

A: Burkitt's lymphoma is the cancer of the lymphatic system, especially B lymphocytes found in germinal…

Q: How are monoclonal antibodies categorised

A: Antibodies produced ordinarily by infection or immunization are polyclonal because natural antigens…

Q: What biochemical mechanism underlies affinity maturation of the antibody response?

A: Antibodies mediate the adaptive immune response and are produced by plasma cells.

Q: What will happen if a person cannot produce antibodies?

A: When the body's immune system identifies dangerous molecules called antigens, it produces an…

Q: What are the different types of antibodies and give two characteristics for each?

A: Antibodies are also known as immunoglobins. These are large Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma…

Q: describe the structure and five types of antibodies;

A: Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells and they are also known as immunoglobulins. They…

Q: What Are The Forces That Are Responsible For Antigen-antibody Reactions?

A: The antigen-antibody reaction is employed in laboratory settings for diagnosis of blood grouping…

Q: What are the four types of immunity and apply the the chickenpox virus to this material?

A: The immune system includes special cells, chemicals, and organs that can fight foreign bodies such…

Q: What is the basic structure of the antibody molecule?

A: Antibody is a protein molecule that is generated in the living body by plasma membrane. It…

Q: Why does antibody titer rise after infection? Is ahigh antibody titer indicative of an ongoing…

A: Antibody titer basically refers to the amount of antibody produced by the organisms. This value is…

Q: Explain the process used to produce monoclonal antibodies and the reasons that they are produced.

A: Monoclonal antibodies are produced by a single cell through cell division. While antibodies produced…

Q: What are the differences in the types of antigens recognized by antibodies and T cell receptors?

A: Antigens are foreign molecules that aid in the trigger of specific immune responses. They activate…

Q: What are five different ways that antibodies help our bodies fight diseases?

A: Immunoglobulins (Ig) are also referred to as antibodies, which are responsible to fight diseases or…

Q: What is opsonization? What is the role of antibodies in this process?

A: When the immune system recognizes foreign antigen enters in the body, complement activation occurs.…

Q: Name the type of cells that produce antibodies?

A: The antibody is also called immunoglobulin that is a protective protein produced by the immune…

Q: What are chimeric antigen receptors, and how are they constructed?

A: Receptors are the cell surface or intracellular molecules to which a ligand binds.

Q: How can an extracellular bacterium and an intracellular virus independently be targeted by a…

A: Cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells  provide protection against differen types of pathoges.…

Q: What are the major functions of antibodies?

A: Introduction :- The immune system uses an antibody, often referred to as an immunoglobulin, to…

Q: What are three different ways antibodies protect against infectious agents?

A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are large, Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune…

Q: What are immunoglobulins?

A: The immune system is a complex network of tissues, cells, and organs. They together assist the body…

Q: Define the term antibodies?

A: Antibodies are a type of protein molecule. Proteins are the biomolecules composed of one or many…

Q: What are the benefits and costs of antibody cross reactivity?

A: Although the antigen-antibody response is very specific, antibodies can occasionally cross react…

Q: What is monoclonal antibodies? How it can be categorized

A: Antibodies are Y shaped proteins found in blood that mainly get attached with the foreign invaders…

Q: What are the functions of Cytotoxic T cell markers?

A: T lymphocytes are the important cells in the cell-mediated immune response. There are different…

Immune Disorders

The collaboration between the cells and proteins that work together as a defense system against infection comprises the immune system.Each of them performs a variety of tasks to recognize and/or react against a foreign body.