The current I through a semiconductor diode is relative to the voltage V across the diode via the following relationship: I = 1o(e – 1) where Io is the magnitude of the reverse current. Suppose that the voltage across the diode is modeled as a continuous random variable V with probability density function (PDF) given by fv(u) = 0.5e¬lu|, -∞ < u < ∞ Then the current can also be modeled as a continuous random variable, T. Note: I is the ideal current; whereas, I is the random variable modeling the current- the same goes for V (voltage) versus V random variable. (a) What values can I take on? (b) Find the CDF of T. (c) Find the PDF of I.

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KVL and KCL

KVL stands for Kirchhoff voltage law. KVL states that the total voltage drops around the loop in any closed electric circuit is equal to the sum of total voltage drop in the same closed loop.

Sign Convention

Science and technology incorporate some ideas and techniques of their own to understand a system skilfully and easily. These techniques are called conventions. For example: Sign conventions of mirrors are used to understand the phenomenon of reflection and refraction in an easier way.