The digestive tract and the gut microbiome have a mutualistic relationship. What does this mean? O They have the ability to cause mutations in each other O B. They work together to survive and thrive O C. They fight against each other O D. They are antagonistic to each other O E. They do not have any known relationship
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- Normal microbiota: A. are only found in the digestive tract. B. protect us from disease by crowding out "bad" invading bacteria. C.are only found on small select parts of our bodies. D.always cause disease when growing on our bodies. E.play no role in our general health.There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (VCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (VCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes VCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from VCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. How can a prion replicate itself without genetic material?you have just eaten some lunch meat thats more than a few days oold and crawling with pathogenic bacteria. What innate barriers stand between you and the disease
- MC How can mis-using and over-using antibiotics lead to antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria? A the antibiotics cause mutations in the bacteria B the antibiotics kill off all the regular bacteria, leaving the mutant resistant ones to thrive C some people's bodies become immune to the antibiotics D the antibiotics can cause some people's immune cells to ignore the bacteria we intend to fightThe epidemic that infected Europe, North Africa, and theMiddle East and killed tens of millions of people was known asthe Black Death. The disease was caused by:(a) Smallpox (d) Anthrax(b) Bubonic plague (e) Swine flu(c) Breathing of foul airWhich are true about tick-borne bacterial diseases? Select which true O One example is the West Nile Virus One example is Lyme disease O The tick is considered a vector O The tick gets sick when infected with Borrelia burgdorferi O One example is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever One example is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome One example is Chikungunya O Some tick-borne diseases can cause severe illness in humans
- The microbiomes from healthy humans are allvery similar. Explain why or why not.What is the relationship between normal flora Escherichia coli (E. coli) and STEC? A When normal flora E.coli divide in two, they sometimes turn into STEC. B Everyone is colonized by STEC but only some people have non-STEC microbes in the large intestine. C Normal flora E.coli do not make Shiga toxin, but STEC are E. coli that do make Shiga toxin.While H5N2 is of great concern economically, it is not considered animminent threat to human health. This is mostly because ___________ .a. if birds are properly cooked the virus cannot spreadb. the virus moves poorly from bird to bird c. the virus cause only mild disease in most birdsd. the virus moves poorly from bird to human and from human tohuman
- You are a pediatrician treating a child with an upper respiratory infection that is clearly caused by a virus. The child’s mother insists that you prescribe antibiotics— she’s not leaving without them! How do you convince the child’s mother that antibiotics will do more harm than good?An emerging virus isa. a virus that has arisen recently and is more likely to cause infectionthan previous strains.b. HIV that causes AIDS.c. a strain of influenza virus called H1N1 that causes the flu.d. all of the above.a cytokint storm is an overproduction of immune cells and their activating compounds- cytokines can be caused by? a. flu viruses and covid-19 b. covid-19 only c. flu viruses only d. all choices are correct e. a coontagious bacterial disease only