The figure below is redrawn from a study that tracked over one hundred HIV-infected individuals for several years, before effective anti-viral treatment was available. Individuals differ in their viral load, which remains fairly constant over the duration of the asymptomatic ("AIDS-free") phase of infection. Which evolutionary concept do these data support? 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Viral load The conventional wisdom for virulence evolution The trade-off hypothesis for virulence evolution Some symptoms of disease are really host defenses Pathogens coevolve with their hosts Duration of AIDS-free infection (years) (transmission rate per unit time) Infectiousness ·

The figure below is redrawn from a study that tracked over one hundred HIV-infected individuals for several years, before effective anti-viral treatment was available. Individuals differ in their viral load, which remains fairly constant over the duration of the asymptomatic ("AIDS-free") phase of infection. Which evolutionary concept do these data support? 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Viral load The conventional wisdom for virulence evolution The trade-off hypothesis for virulence evolution Some symptoms of disease are really host defenses Pathogens coevolve with their hosts Duration of AIDS-free infection (years) (transmission rate per unit time) Infectiousness ·

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter19: Population Genetics And Human Evolution

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1CS: If you suspected that heterozygous carriers of a particular disease gene had a selective advantage...

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The evolutionary tree of HIV-1 revels that a.) The SIV strain that infects gorillas is the same strain that infects chimpanzees. b.) HIV is a monophyletic clade that originated from the same strain of SIV. c.) All of the answers are correct d.) The virus jumped from chimpanzees to humans four times. E.) western chimpanzees are more closely related to gorillas than eastern chimpanzees.
Do you think a variation in the human genome that confers resistance to coronaviruses (SARS-COV-2) Will be selected for in the human population through future human generations? why or why not? Consider covid 19 morality rates, the reproductive ages of those who are most at risk, economic factors, etc. Pathogens evolve over time as well, what effect if any could this have on human evolution?
Why do scientists worry more about new strains of viruses like influenza and coronviruses as potential causes of deadly human pandemics, but they never talk about the next big Herpesvirus strain deadly pandemic? Which of the statements below helps partially answer that? Influenza and CoV are RNA viruses which results in having higher mutation rates -- they can more easily jump between host species. Herpesviruses are dsDNA viruses and usually very host specific. Only humans get Herpesviruses, while animals can get Influenza viruses and Coronaviruses. dsDNA viruses aren't very transmissible and even when they are, they're not deadly. We already have effective vaccines for Herpes. Influenza and CoV have more genes, more complex gene expression, and can undergo genetic recombination or reassortment, while Herpesviruses are more limited.
Assume you are studying the infection dynamics between a species of spider and a species of ringworm that infects the spider. You sequence the genomes of each species for 30 years and find that each of these species has evolved adaptations. Specifically, the spider has evolved immune system adaptations to remove the ringworm and the ringworm has evolved counter-adaptations to evade the spider's immune system. Surprisingly, you find that the ability of the ringworm to infect the spider has not changed over 30 years. The finding that infectiousness has not changed in 30 years would be in support of which of the following? a. The Red Queen Hypothesis b. Muller's Ratchet c. The Asexual Reproduction Benefit Hypothesis d. The Genetic Load Hypothesis
Which of the following factors in today’s world make it dif-ficult to keep disease-causing microorganisms in check from ahealth point of view?(a) Lack of a balanced distribution of wealth(b) Increased and quick world travel(c) Encroachment of humans into virgin jungles(d) Antibiotic-resistant bacteria(e) All of the above
The Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), is an HIV-like virus that originally attacks the immune system of monkeys and apes. In 1999, researchers identified a strain of chimpanzee SIV called SIVcpz, which was nearly identical to HIV. Which of the following conclusions could be drawn from the similarities and relatedness that exist between humans and primates based on respective strains of viruses? Mosquitos are vectors of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), and HIV. Once injected with their proboscis and introduced viruses into the human bloodstream, viral mutations occur. Human immunodeficiency virus has reverse transcriptase so it is easier for them to transform into another strain of the virus. The introduction of new viral strains is inevitable and they do not possess selectivity. Both immune host cells from humans and chimpanzees are susceptible to any viral infection. Humans and Chimpanzees were similar so it is easier for the Simian Immunodeficiency…
Suppose that a time machine allows you to go back in time (and to travel to Australia), and you have collected rabbits and Myxoma from the years 1955 and 1980. Once you are back in the twenty-first century, you infect both sets of rabbits with both sets of Myxoma viruses. The most likely result will be (1) that the rabbits from 1955 injected with the 1955 virus will have a _______ survival rate than those same rabbits injected with the 1980 virus; and (2) that the rabbits from 1955 injected with the 1980 virus will have a _______ survival rate than rabbits from 1980 injected with the 1980 virus. A. lower; lower B. lower; higher C. higher; lower D. higher; higher E. the survival rates will be the same in experiments (1) and (2)
Can viruses adapt by natural selection? A. No, because there isn't a genetic basis for inheritance between parent and offspring virus particles. B. No, because there isn't a way to distinguish more fit from less fit virus particles C. Yes but only via human (domestic/artificial) selection D. No they evolve by mutations. E. Yes, virus particles that are most successful successful in reproducing quickly and infecting other host cells are the best adapted.
The attached image has the following Newick format: ((HIV-1 retropepsin:0.67441,(HIV-2 retropepsin:0.40370, Simian immunodeficiency:0.40370):0.27071):0.963537,(Bovine immunodeficiency:1.34405,Feline immunodeficiency:1.34405):0.295328); Examine the branch lengths. What do they tell you about the evolutionary time between the branch points?• Which branchings are more ancient and which are more recent?• What would you conclude about these immunodeficiency virus proteases, based on this small analysis?
The discovery of HIV virus was a race between two groups of scientists. Do you think the scientistic research should be a “race”? What are the pros and cons of such a race?
Evaluate how each of the following results of scientific studies regarding mutations of the SARS-COV2 viral genome may implicate how humans can live with the virus for generations to come. Results Implication Scientific analysis of SARS-COV2 viral genomes from different countries has revealed that the virus accumulates about 2 new mutations per month. Many of these mutations have occurred due to their many battles with the immune systems of their human hosts. The vast majority of mutations have little or no effect on how the virus behaves, but scientists are keeping a watchful eye on mutations of the critical region of the viral genome: the gene encoding the spike protein. Mutations that give the virus an evolutionary advantage should be more likely to turn up repeatedly in the virus’ family tree.
Viruses display many of the characteristics of living organisms. In particular, they reproduce, creating new virus particles. During reproduction, viruses make copies of their genetic material, and some of the copies contain mutations that are beneﬁcial to the virus. For example, HIV (human immunodeﬁciency virus), the virus that causes the disease AIDS (acquired immunodeﬁciency syndrome) mutates so often that its surface proteins change faster than we can develop antiviral drugs. New drug-resistant strains of HIV are appearing constantly. However, viruses can reproduce only after entering a living cell of an organism, because viruses hijack the cell’s machinery and use it to produce new viruses. Where does that combination of characteristics place viruses on the scale of nonlife to life? Are viruses living organisms? Nonliving? If neither of those categories ﬁts the properties of viruses, how should they be classiﬁed?