The figure below shows the structure of a porin subunit embedded in the lipid bilayer (left: side view, right: top view). Hydrophobic residues are shown as yellow sticks, polar residues are shown as green sticks, negatively charged residues are shown as red sticks, and positively charged residues are shown as blue sticks. Porins form open water-filled channels that passively diffuses nutrients and waste products across the membrane. s From its structure, discuss physical properties of molecules that can pass through the porin. Also, discuss how its structure relates to its function. Identify the secondary structure/s present in the protein.
Q: What is the total NADH produced in one turn of the citric acid cycle? Give the number of molecules.…
A: Under aerobic condition, the pyruvate molecules synthesized as the end product of glycolytic pathway…
Q: Complete the following table. Enzyme Salivary Amylase Lipase Pepsin Lactase Peptidase Function + ◆…
A: Digestion is the process by which large macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids…
Q: Materials: • Single colony of E. coli cells to be transformed • LB medium • 0.1 M CaCl2, ice cold…
A: The most common bacterial species for transformation is E.coli but their natural competency (copy…
Q: You take the PKA catalytic subunit, the regulatory subunit, and the dimerization domains and mix…
A: As given in the question; the regulatory, catalytic and dimerisation domains of PKA were taken in…
Q: 1. In Gel filtration chromatography, when will you stop collecting eluents if sample is not colored?…
A: As you have posted more than one question, we will solve first question for you. I request you to…
Q: Using appropriate diseases as examples, describe three molecular techniques that can be used in…
A: Three molecular techniques involved in disease diagnosis are: 1. Various amplification techniques…
Q: Consider a mixture comprised of the proteins below: Protein that will most strongly bind to an…
A: Chromatographic techniques are used to separate specific molecules from a mixture of different…
Q: What would the order of migration be (bottom to top in the gel) in a SDS-PAGE for the following…
A: Introduction: Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is an analytical…
Q: Which of the following is incorrect about the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? O a. It does not…
A: The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction depends on certain factors and one of them is concentration…
Q: How many ATP molecules would be generated if an 8-carbon fatty acid were metabolized solely by the…
A: The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle) is a portion of the much larger process known…
Q: Which of the following are properties of membranes? Electrically polarized Hydrophobic exterior…
A: The cell membrane is principally composed of a lipid bilayer. The membrane is selectively-permeable…
Q: Many antibiotics alter the rate of reaction for enzymes that produce and then cross-link the strands…
A: Note : Hi ! Thank you for the question. We are authorized to answer three subparts at a time. Since…
Q: What would the order of elution be (first to last to come out of a size-exclusion chromatography…
A: Size exclusion chromatography is a technique for separating molecules based on their size and shape.…
Q: You are saying that the inhibitor is competitive inhibitor. But according to data Vmax for reaction…
A: Enzyme kinetics can be calculated more accurate by using lb plot which can be constructed by…
Q: 1. a) What is meant by the term "buffer solution"?
A: A buffer solution is an aqueous solution that can be used to maintain physiological pH when a small…
Q: create a flow chart or diagram to illustrate the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. The…
A: Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen which are connected by the glycosidic…
Q: Answer and draw what is given in the question NEATLY
A: The thermophilic bacteria live at high temperatures like hot springs and hot vents. The Arctic Ocean…
Q: In the provided picture I am to select the FIVE compunds that would be the most stable in a CELL…
A: The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer. The lipid molecules are amphipathic, that is one end of the…
Q: Ok, thank you so much. In case of Km, we cant get the value? Do we just mention that 2.085 on x-axis…
A: Km is the michaelis menton constant which is nothing but substrate concentration half of maximum…
Q: Which of the following is an achiral amino acid? alanine arginine proline glycine Previous Page Next…
A: Q1 two categories represent a classification of all lipids based on their molecular structure is…
Q: Which of the following is a property of both D-altro O They are found in sucrose. O They are major…
A: Monosacharides are the monomers of Polysaccharides that are joined by Glycosidic bonds .…
Q: what is the N and C terminal amino acid residues of
A: A protein is a sequence of amino acids when we draw the structure of peptide or protein…
Q: Choose 3 words and make them a sentence. Repeat this structure 2 times please
A: Proteins having additional sugar chains are found in glycoproteins. Lipids with linked carbohydrates…
Q: In terms of energy, how does an enzyme speed up a biochemical reaction
A: Enzymes are highly specialized proteins that have extraordinary catalytic power, greater than that…
Q: Which of the following is incorrect about the ATP synthase? O a. The Fo and F₁ components are…
A: ATP synthase or FoF1ATPase is an ubiquitous enzyme that uses the transmembrane electrochemical…
Q: Which of the following is incorrect about the competitive inhibitors? a. They increase the affinity…
A: Competitive inhibitors are the substances that Inhibit the enzyme activity by competing with the…
Q: a. Outline and describe the reaction scheme of the production of glucose from maltodextrin by using…
A: Enzymes are highly specialized proteins that have extraordinary catalytic power, greater than that…
Q: Oxygen is important for cell function and oxygen exchange is a normal phenomenon for oxidative…
A: Cells obtain most of their energy in the form of ATP from oxidation of Sugars like Glucose. The end…
Q: Y (fractional saturation) 1.0 0.8 0.6 L 0.4 T 0.2 Tissues 0.0 T 0 20 77% Rightmost curve Middle…
A: The graph of percentage of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin that is plotted against partial pressure…
Q: Which of the following is incorrect about hemoglobin? a. The binding of O₂ to one subunit decreases…
A: Introduction: Haemoglobin is a protein which is present is red blood cells (RBCS) of blood. It acts…
Q: 9. Starting as a polysaccharide in a spaghetti dinner, trace the path that energy and biomass make…
A: We all know that both mass and energy is conserved. So whatever the mass of the polysaccharide was…
Q: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of? How much oxygen needed is needed for growth of…
A: Water bodies contain a certain amount of dissolved oxygen on which aquatic life depends for its…
Q: Which of the following is the correct value of the KM? a. It is [substrate] at half Vmax b. It is…
A: Michaelis Menten Equation is given as v=Vmax[S]Km+[S] Here, v is the Initial reaction velocity…
Q: Differentiate the levels of protein structure from primary to quaternary.
A: Proteins are biomolecules composed of amino acids. The amino acids are joined together through…
Q: Two pathways that yield NADPH in the cytosol, needed for fatty acid biosynthesis, are: (1) (2)
A: Since there are multiple questions and which question is to be solved has not been specified, as per…
Q: Q47 (1.5): Which kind of surfactant type of cholinephospholipid? it has cation NH3+ and anion PO4-…
A: Phospholipids are classified as glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids based on the type of…
Q: ◆ Arginine Phenylalanine ◆ Cysteine ◆ Serine Glutamic acid ◆ Glutamine ◆ Isoleucine Leucine A.…
A: There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids. In a polypeptide chain, the alpha amino and the alpha…
Q: Which of the following statements are true of the malate dehydrogenase reaction in biochemical…
A: Gibbs free energy is the energy available to a system to do useful work (G). If we are considering…
Q: Draw the structure of the tetrapeptide MIEL. Refer to the slide sets for the structures of the amino…
A: Peptides are biomolecules made up by linking amino acids to each other via peptide bonds. A peptide…
Q: The master formula for preparation of a ganciclovir solution is: Ganciclovir 500 mg injection vial 1…
A: Each vial contains 500 mg of ganciclovir. After 10 mL additions each of the vials gives 50 mg.
Q: From the various reactions you have learned in catabolism of amino acids; list three reactions in…
A: Catabolism of proteins releases amino acids which composed of mainly two parts-amino nitrogen (in…
Q: Consider the following properties of the protein components of a sample mixture as provided in the…
A: Proteins are composed of twenty standard amino acids attached together via peptide bonds. These…
Q: Which of the following is incorrect about the chymotrypsin mechanism? a. The (-) charge of oxygen in…
A: The proteolytic activity on the food that enters the intestine is carried out by the protease…
Q: (a) (c) 1/v + inhibitor 1/[S] (b) + inhibitor X 1/v 1/[S] + inhibitor + inhibitor (d) 1/v 1/V I i…
A: Non competitive inhibition is a type of inhibition where the inhibitor binds to a site other than…
Q: Given a tripeptide Cys-His-Lys, Cys: Pk1 = 1.71; Pk2 = 10.78; PkR = 8.33 His: Pk1 = 1.82; Pk2 =…
A: pK refers to pH at which a particular group is exactly 50% ionized. A tripeptide is a peptide…
Q: If a farmer wanted less tightly packed clusters of grapes, he would most likely spray the immature…
A: Plant hormones are the organic compounds that are synthesized by the plants, and that promote or…
Q: Why is the consumption of vitamin C as an antioxidant expected to donate its own electrons to free…
A: Vitamin C or ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant and helps in scavenging free radicals in the cell…
Q: A) Is this reaction ( in picture provided) in equilibrium? B) If it is not then ,what is ∆G' at…
A: Gibbs free energy change, equilibrium constant and reaction quotients are values for a reaction…
Q: Answer for the number 11 question. Thank you. No need for long explanation.
A: Glucose is an aldohexose that is utilized as the major source of energy by the body. Glucose is…
Q: consider 15 NADH and 43 FADH2 molecules funneling electrons into the electron transport chain…
A: In glycolysis, a 6-carbon molecule of glucose-6-phosphate is broken down into 3-carbon pyruvate…
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 1 images
- Liposomes have long been investigated as drug delivery mechanisms in humans and animals, but only recently have they started to be used clinically in targeted cancer therapies and now, vaccines. Liposomes are simply vesicles with a phospholipid bilayer that contain an inner aqueous compartment. Hydrophilic compounds could be carried in the buffer inside the liposome or hydrophobic drugs within the membrane itself. For instance, the Moderna and Pfizer mRNA vaccines actually use liposome technology to deliver the SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA to human cells. The liposomes fuse with the plasma membrane allowing the contents of the liposome to enter the cytosol of cells. Of course, once the mRNA is in the cytosol is can be translated to protein on a ribosome. Explain why nucleic acid won’t get through the plasma membrane on its own. Discuss the energetic restrictions to movement through the membraneIn the "fluid " _______ cell membrane model, lipids are organized in a ________ arrangement, such that _______ portions of the lipids are exposed to either the interior or exterior of the cell, while the lipid portions are sandwiched in the middle of the membrane. As part of the cell membrane, a main function of peripheral proteins is to provide _________ , while a main function of proteins is to provide _________ . Other cell membrane molecules include a compound called __________, which functions to provide fluidity to rigid membranes and rigidity to fluid membranes; and surface carbohydrates, which function in the membrane not to provide energy, but instead to provide _________ _____ . Aminophospholipids (including PE and ) move to the inner leaflet of the membrane, by an enzyme known as the ._______ A main function of the cell membrane is to be very selective as to what is able to cross through, a condition known as a barrier.Which of the following is not a lipid link that anchors membrane-associated proteins to the bilayer? Thioether-linked prenyl anchors. Ester-linked triacylglycerol anchors. Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchors. Thioester-linked fatty acyl anchors. Amide-linked myristoyl anchors.
- Which of the following is true about motion of membrane lipids? A. They can move most rapidly when in the gel phase. B. Lateral diffusion is catalyzed by flippase proteins. C. To increase the fluidity of membranes at low temperatures, cells synthesize more saturated fatty acids and fewer unsaturated fatty acids. D. Transbilayer diffusion involves the transfer of lipids from one face of the bilayer to another.Biological membranes are critical components of cells that allow compartmentalisation of cellular contents. The diagram shows a biological membrane comprised of a lipid bilayer with a single polypeptide integrated into the membrane and spanning the membrane seven times. What is the name of the specific type of lipid comprising the bilayer shown above? What properties about the heads and tails of these lipid structures force them to be arranged as they are in the lipid bilayer?Which of the following statements are acceptable and why? [Whereas all the carbohydrate in the plasma membrane faces outward on the external surface of the cell, all the carbohydrate on internal membranes faces toward the cytosol.] [Although lipid molecules are free to diffuse in the plane of the bilayer, they cannot flip-flop across the bilayer unless enzyme catalysts called phospholipid translocators are present in the membrane.]
- Draw and label a cell lipid bilayer and diagram how the following transport processes take place: passive diffusion of oxygen into the cell, facilitated diffusion of potassium into the cell, active transport of sucrose into the cell. Using different symbols (circles for oxygen, squares for sucrose, and triangles for potassium ions), show the relative concentrations (gradients) of these substances on the inside and outside of the cell. For example, to show that oxygen enters the cell by going “down” its gradient, you would draw more circles on the outside of the cell than inside the cell. Be sure to show and label membrane proteins when appropriate, and show the electric membrane potential using “+”s (pluses) on one side and “-”s (minuses) on the other side of the membrane. Also show the proton pump which uses ATP as a source of energy.When LDL (low density lipoprotein) is taken up by cells during pinocytosis, which of the following steps in the processing of LDL and its receptor protein does not occur? LDL attaches to LDL receptors, which form clathrin-coated vesicles the vesicles fuse with endosomes, and LDL receptors are recycled LDL is digested in lysosomes, releasing cholesterol to the cytoplasm the endosomes fuse with lysosomes for digestion of the LDL LDL receptors are digested in the lysosomes along with the LDLWhich of the following (could be more than one) would not be a rational explanation for why the three-dimensional structure of a protein is driven and stabilized largely by noncovalent rather than covalent bonds?a) Proteins may be degraded for energy, and if their three-dimensional structures were heldtogether by mostly covalent bonding, this might be too difficult to accomplishb) Proteins will need to be unfolded to cross biological membrane, and if their three-dimensionalstructures were held together by mostly covalent bonding, this might be too difficult toaccomplish.c) Protein function (transport, enzyme catalysis, etc...) may require flexibility in the three-dimensional structure to allow for conformational change, and if protein three-dimensionalstructure were held together by mostly covalent bonding, this might be too difficult toaccomplish.d) All of the answer choices are rational explanations for why the three-dimensional structure of protein is driven and stabilized largely…
- Draw a hydropathy plot and a 2D protein cartoon for a protein that passes through the lipid bilayer 6 times..Of the following cell membrane lipids, which one prefers to reside in the inner leaflet (or inner half) of the membrane bilayer, AND has an overall neutral charge at physiological pH (7.4)? a) PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) is inner-leaflet with an overall neutral charge at pH 7.4 b) SM (sphinogomyelin) is inner-leaflet with an overall neutral charge at pH 7.4 c) PS (phosephatidylserine) is inner-leaflet with an overall neutral charge at pH 7.4 d) PC (phosphatidylcholine) is inner-leaflet with an overall neutral charge at pH 7.4"Although lipid molecules are free to diffuse in the plane of the bilayer, they cannot flip-flop across the bilayer unless enzyme catalysts called phospholipid translocators are present in the membrane", is true or false.