The Grossman model views demand for health care as a result of the demand for “good health”. Using the Grossman framework, answer the following: A. Discuss the utility of the Grossman model in the practice of modern health economics. B. Describe two (2) factors that could influence the Cost of Capital (COC) in the Grossman model. C. Highlight at least three (3) criticisms against of the Grossman model
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QUESTION 1
The Grossman model views
health”. Using the Grossman framework, answer the following:
A. Discuss the utility of the Grossman model in the practice of modern
economics
B. Describe two (2) factors that could influence the Cost of Capital (COC) in the
Grossman model.
C. Highlight at least three (3) criticisms against of the Grossman model
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- In the framework of the Grossman model, suppose there is an increase in the return in alternate non-health market investments. Draw what happens to the MEC curve and the optimal level of health. Explain intuitively why this might be the case in reality.One of the most robust, fundamental “facts” of health economics is the SES and health gradient. a) Define the SES and health gradient. b) Give three ways in which the SES and health gradient is robust. c) Provide evidence that some of the gradient is correlational (i.e., give a potential confounder) and evidence that the gradient is in fact causal. d) i. Give an interpretation of Figure 1 below in layperson terms. ii. What pattern do you see for men vs women? iii. “The education and mortality gradient does not depend on healthcare spending or whether the country has universal healthcare.” Use Figure 1 to support or refute this claim.[A] High-income Canadians tend to choose a higher desired health stock, even though they can afford more healthcare goods. Using the Grossman model, explain why this is the case. Use an appropriate graph to support your answer. [B] Suppose the funding agency switches both physicians' and hospitals' prospective payment to a system of retrospective payment, i.e., from salary to fee-for-service for physicians, and from global budget payment to activity-based funding for hospitals. Clearly explain each of these terms and how these changes will impact the utilization of physician and hospital services.
- Describe Grossman's Improvement Model of Health. How does Grossman reconcile health as both something in demand and something produced by individuals?Provide a summary of key trends in health care metrics such as waiting lists and health care spending in England and/or UK (depending on data source), where possible distinguishing before and after 2010, and before and after the pandemic. Please summarise this information as bullet points, where each bullet is succinct. Make clear in your answer if data is UK-wide or for England only. Graphs can be used to illustrate your points, if desired, but be mindful of space considerations.TRUE or FLASE? A. The Beveridge model in the United Kingdom reduces moral hazard by having public providers compete to provide high quality care. B. The Bismarck Model in Germany reduces adverse selection primarily by having a universal, compulsory health insurance system. C. The Bismarck Model in Germany emphasizes equity over choice whereas the Beveridge Model in the United Kingdom emphasize choice over equity. D. The Bismarck Model in Germany reduces moral hazard by requiring cost sharing. E. The Bismarck Model in Germany controls costs by allowing private insurers to negotiate competitive rates with private physicians.
- In the Grossman model of health production, people maximize lifetime utility overconsumption of health (H) and a composite of all other goods (X). In the model, health is a stockthat evolves over time and depends upon health in the previous period (Ht-1), investments inhealth during the previous period (It-1), and a depreciation rate (γ). The level of health in period tis Ht=(1- γ)Ht-1+It-1.a. Consider two individuals with H=50 in the current period. The two individuals areidentical except that individual A is 20 years old and has a γ of 0.1, while individual B is30 years old and has a γ of 0.2. Explain why it is more difficult for individual B tomaintain the same level of health as individual A.b. Give 2 real-world examples of how an increase in education would improve a person’sproductivity of health investment (I).TRUE or FALSE? A. In the Bismarck Model in Germany queues and waiting lists for care are a significant policy problem. B. The health care system in the U.S. and the Bismarck Model in Germany both rely mostly on private physicians to deliver care C. The health care system in the U.S. has higher quality than the Beveridge system in the United Kingdom.Health Sector Reform is an on-going process designed to meet the growing and changingdemands of the clientele. Three types of health sector reforms are Imposed, Big ‘R’ and Small‘R’ reforms. i) Discuss the imposed health sector reform. ii) What is the nature and reason for health sector reform and iii)identify and discuss three lessons learnt from imposed health sector reform.
- How do you draw a health production function with individuals receiving some health producing intervention as inputs and health benefits as outputs that shows declining returns in output. What does “declining returns” imply about the marginal health benefit per person served/treated along this production function? How does this relate to “specialization of inputs”? How about “selection to treatment”? If we assume that you have two distinct means of producing health (programs A & B) with identical PFs as you drew above. Given a fixed amount of inputs (e.g. ability to treat/serve some number of individuals), draw the production possibilities frontier curve for these two programs. What is an opportunity cost and how does it relate to the PPF curve? If our value the health benefits from both programs equally, what point (label as X) do you pick on the PPF curve and why? Suppose program A works best for children, and program B best for adults, and you value health…Which statement about health insurance in the US is false? Question options: 1) Going back to 1940, only about 10 percent of the US population had any health insurance 2) The share of the under-65 population with private health insurance rose until the 1970s and then plateaued—it remained virtually constant until the implementation of the Affordable Care Act 3) Early on, the health insurance market was dominated by Blue Cross plans, which practiced community rating in setting premiums 4) Measured in percentage points, the drop in the uninsured rate in the nonelderly population between 2013 and 2016 was larger than the increase in the share with private insuranceHow does a favorable tax treatment and a third-party payer system attribute to the rise of health care costs? Pleasse provide a detail explanation.