The Km of muscle hexokinase is relatively At average blood glucose concentrations its active site is therefore mostly O Low; empty
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- Question 1: ATP synthases contains 3 copies of each of the large subunits (called α and β in the E. coli enzyme). The number of c subunits can vary among different ATP synthases, ranging from 8 to 17. Part a: Briefly explain how this variation in the number of c subunits would affect the energetics of ATP synthesis. For a fixed value of the protonmotive force, how much energy can the gradient provide to drive one revolution of the ATP synthase, in a synthase with 8 c- subunits versus a synthase with 17 c-subunits?QUESTION 10 True or False: The energy released by oxidation of NADH in the electron transport system is used to pump protons up their gradient. Protons flowing down their gradient are in turn used to provide the energy for phosphorylation of ADP. True FalseQuestion 3 During muscle contraction, the agonist while the antagonist 1. Shortens; lengthens 2. Remains unchanged; lengthens 3. Shortens; remains unchanged 4 lengthens; shortens
- QUESTION 17 Lungs: With age, lung function becomes "less efficient." Which one does not explain why? Lung tissue becomes more "elastic" resulting in less expansion. There is a decrease in "reserve capacity" that affects stamina. There is a decrease in the number of airs sacs for oxygen transport. Muscles in the rib cage become weaker and reduce contraction.Question 37 Locard’s exchange principle states that, whenever two objects come into contact with one another, there is exchange of materials between them. a. True b. FalseQuestion 1: The 4 kinase steps in glycolysis are catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and pyruvate kinase. Write each of these four reactions, including all participants. i. ii. iii. iv.
- QUESTION 26 During gluconeogenesis, whereby liver cells convert pyruvate to glucose, Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) is converted to Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). If the standard equilibrium concentrations are: [F6P] = 0.52 M and [G6P] = 1.48 M, then Keq’ is ______ and the reaction is ________. Fructose-6-P ó Glucose-6-P > 1; exergonic > 1; endergonic < 1; exergonic < 1; endergonicQuestion #15 Please make your respond short for both Part A and B. Thank you so much!Part A. Why do we breathe oxygen? Please use electrons in your response. Part B. If you were to starve a muscle of oxygen, the cell would begin making lactic acid. Why?Question 1: When the CAC is run in reverse by microorganisms that use it to fix carbon, the citrate synthase reaction is different and is catalyzed by an enzyme called ATP-citrate lyase. Write the reaction catalyzed by ATP-citrate lyase, then briefly (in one sentence) explain why the use of different chemistry (different from the ‘normal’ direction) makes sense here.
- Question 9 - Under anaerobic conditions in the muscle, lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction converting pyruvate to lactate. What is the metabolic reason for this fermentation reaction? It is necessary to reduce pyruvate before it can be converted to acetyl-CoA and enter the citric acid cycle in muscle. NAD* must be replenished for glycolysis to continue. The reaction creates NADH which can produce additional energy in the electron transport chain. O Lactate is more oxidized than pyruvate.QUESTION 22 When the final product of a series of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions binds to the first enzyme in the pathway to limit its production, it generally uses ___ because the structure of this final product is generally not similar to that of any of the enzyme's normal substrates. Allosteric activation Zymogen activation Covalent modification Competitive inhibition Allosteric inhibitionQUESTION 47 The role of oxygen gas in our cells is to accept electrons that come from NADH. produce CO2. react with glucose to split water. catalyze reactions in glycolysis. breakdown ATP.