The synthesis and degradation of glycogen in muscle is not a futile
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The synthesis and degradation of glycogen in muscle is not a futile (ATP-hydrolyzing)
cycle because:
A. glycogen synthase and phosphorylase are simultaneously activated
B. cyclic AMP activates adenylate kinase.
C. when glycogen synthase is inactivated, phosphorylase is simultaneously activated.
D. glycogen binds Mg2+, thereby lowering the concentration of MgATP2-
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- What might you expect if a mutation caused the ATP-allosteric site on phosphofructokinase to be permanently inactive? a. Less glucose transported into the cell. b. No effect on ATP production. c. Decreased ATP production d. Excessive ATP production.Which of the following choices describes a likely metabolic consequence of thiamin deficiency in animals. Select one: a. Increased gas production in the rumen b. Impaired vision c. Decreased ATP synthesis d. Increased osmotic water influx into the lumen of the small intestine e. Increased serum cholesterol in the bloodEpinephrine secretion: a) activates adenylate cyclase in liver and muscle cells. b) activates protein phosphatase 1 in liver and muscle cells. c) activates glycogen phosphorylase a in liver cells. d) inhibits glycogen phosphorylase in brain cells. e) inhibits glycogen phosphorylase b in muscle cells.
- It is noticed that when a strain of mice exercises, their blood glucose drops to very low levels. Which of the following can explain this situation? a) These mice do not make enough insulin b) these mice lack insulin receptors on their cells c)these mice lack glucagon d) these mice cannot synthesize glycogen from glucoseWhich of the following would contribute to “glycogen sparing/preservation” during prolonged exercise? a. Dietary consumption of glucose during the exercise bout b. Cori cycle c. An increase in the number of mitochondria in the skeletal muscle d. All of the above e. Only B and C are correctWhich one of the following is NOT a metabolic effect of glucagon secretion? Select one: a. Increase in gluconeogenesis. b. Increased glycogenolysis. c. Increase in the activity of adenylate cyclase. d. Increased amino acid uptake by the muscles.
- Which one of the following statements concerning disorders of muscle metabolism presented in class is incorrect? a) Mutations in animals can spread rapidly because of line breeding to prolific males. b) The low rate of metabolism and ATP consumption in muscle and nerve makes effects of mitochondrial myopathies less observable in these tissues. c) Glycogen storage diseases resulting from mutations in glycolytic and glycogen pathway genes typically cause accumulation of abnormal glycogen and/or exercise intolerance. d) Lipid storage myopathies can result from deficiencies in enzymes of Beta-oxidation and lead to the accumulation of triglyceride droplets in muscle fibers. .An athlete participates in aerobic exercise three times a week. One of the changes is an increased ability to deliver oxygen to her skeletal muscles. Over time she notices that she can continue the exercise with greater intensity and duration. The reason for this change is that there is a(n) a. greater response from phosphate transfer. b. greater production of ATP from glycolysis and less from aerobic cellular respiration. c. greater production of ATP from aerobic cellular respiration. d. increased production of lactate.Which of the following activate glycogen synthesis? A. Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 B. Activation of protein kinase A (PKA) C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B Assuming that glucokinase is completely inhibited, which of the following statements is correct? Glycolysis reactions beyond glucose-6-phosphate in the liver would be impossible to take place The Cori cycle would be blocked Both A and B Neither A nor B
- a) What is the process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox (chemical) reactions called? How many ATPs generated through this process from one Glucose molecule? b) What does cellular respiration accomplish for the cell? c) What happens to the NADH produced in glycolysis? Why does it need to get into the mitochondria? d) Write the role of O2 in cellular respiration. e) What happens to our body’s enzyme activity during fever? f) What is the difference between apo-enzyme and holo-enzyme? g) What is meant by the term specificity in relation to enzyme activity? h) If humans evolved from apes, why are there still apes? i) What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes? j) Why was Lamarck wrong about giraffes?Which of the following are metabolic fight or flight responses? a. decreased glycolysis in the muscles b. decreased adrenalin : insulin c. increased gluconeogenesis in the liver d. increased glycogen synthesis in the liver e. increased insulin : glucagonUnder what conditions will lactic acid accumulate in skeletal muscle? A. when citric acid enzymes are depleted B. when ATP is depleted C. when O2 is depleted D. when NADH is depleted