The U.K. Office of Fair Trading has recently unveiled a plan that will offer immunity from prosecution to firms who blow the whistle on their co-cartel conspirators
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- Q27 The Competition Bureau in Canada wants to increase competition and reduce monopoly power. Thus it it worries about industry concentration in Canada. Assume there is an oligopoly in Canada in the production of Computer Aided Design (CAD) machines which also has a cartel. Which of the following will make it easier for the Canadian cartel to operate effectively over time? Multiple Choice Demand for the CAD cartel's output becomes more elastic. The number of substitutes for the CAD cartel's output increases. get organized crime in involved in the production of CAD. Each member firm of the CAD cartel observes the pricing and output decisions of other firms in the CAD cartel. Demand for the CAD cartel's output decreases.A certain rural village has numerous small farms which raise livestock. There are two large and equally sized landowners, Jimmy and Bob, which produce hay for the farmers’ animals. Below is the daily village demand for hay Suppose, for simplicity, that Jimmy and Bob have the same constant cost structure, so maximizing total revenue maximizes profit. If Jimmy and Bob initially form a cartel, but subsequently succumb to the temptation to cheat on each other, what will be the Nash equilibrium? Jimmy and Bob will each earn a daily profit of $625. Jimmy will earn a daily profit of $700 and Bob will earn a daily profit of $500. Bob will earn a daily profit of $700 and Jimmy will earn a daily profit of $500. Jimmy and Bob will each earn a daily profit of $525.Assume the management of two large firms selling canned vegetables hold a secret meeting to create a collusive cartel. Which will most likely be the outcome of that meeting, assuming both companies engage in the collusion? soda output will fall and market prices will fall market price will remain unchanged and total output will fall soda output will fall and market prices will rise soda output will rise and market prices will fall soda output will rise and market prices will rise
- Two firms are playing an infinitely-repeated prisoner's dilemma pricing game of the following form: Firm 1 Firm 2 Low price High Price Low price 4, 4 20, 0 High price 0, 20 12,12 Consider the decision to cheat ONLY ONCE for a firm in this game against the opponent that is a Tit-for-Tat player. Cheating firm gets an extra in payoffs for the first round, but has to face $0 payoffs for the second round in order to be able to bring the opponent to the collusive outcome again in the third round. What is the minimum rate of return (r) that would make defecting only once? Show your calculations.Sometimes oligopolies in the same industry are very different in size. Suppose we have a duopoly where one firm (Firm A) is large and the other firm (Firm B) is small, as shown in the prisoner’s dilemma box in Table 5. Firm B colludes with Firm A Firm B cheats by selling more output Firm A colludes with Firm B A gets $1,000, B gets $100 A gets $800, B gets $200 Firm A cheats by selling more output A gets $1,050, B gets $50 A gets $500, B gets $20 Assuming that the payoffs are known to both firms, what is the likely outcome in this case?American Airlines and Braniff Airways are the two airlines operating flights from your region. Suppose that each company can charge either a high price for tickets or a low price. First, American Airlines will choose the price level. Following this, Braniff Airways will observe its competitor’s decision and choose the price level for its tickets. If both of the companies choose High, they earn $25,000 each. If they both choose Low, they earn $18,000 each. If the companies choose different levels of prices, the one choosing the high price will earn $15,000 and the one choosing Low will earn $30,000. a) Draw the game three. b) Solve the game by using backwards induction. c) If Braniff Airlines makes a promise to choose High if American Airlines chooses High, should American Airlines trust this promise? Explain.
- Consider two oligopolists, each choosing between a “high” and a “low” level of production. Given their choices of how much to produce, their profits will be as follows: Explain how firm B will reason that it makes sense to produce the high amount, regardless of what firm A chooses. Then explain how firm A will reason that it makes sense to produce the high amount, regardless of what firm B chooses. How might collusion assist the two firms in this case?Russia, Iran and Qatar made the first serious moves in October 2008 toward forming an OPEC-style cartel for natural gas. Each of the countries can comply with the cartel agreement or to cheat on the cartel agreement. If all countries comply, the economic profit for each will be $140 million. If one country cheats, that country earns $200 million in economic profit and the other countries will have economic losses of $10 million. If all countries cheat, they break even. What are the strategies in this game? Earn between $140 and $200 million in profits. Cheat on the cartel agreement and earn -$10 million in profits. Comply with the agreement and earn $140 million in profit. Comply with the cartel agreement or to cheat on the cartel agreement.In order to be successful, a cartel must find a way to encourage members to produce more than they would otherwise produce. agree on the total level of production for the cartel, but they need not agree on the amount produced by each member. agree on the total level of production and on the amount produced by each member. agree on the prices charged by each member, but they need not agree on amounts produced.
- Antitrust laws Cooperation among oligopolies runs counter to the public interest because it leads to underproduction and high prices. In an effort to bring resource allocation closer to the social optimum, public officials attempt to force oligopolies to compete instead of cooperating. Consider the following scenario: Suppose that the presidents of two auto manufacturing companies exchange text messages in which they discuss jointly raising prices on their new lines of hybrid SUVs. This illegal communication would violate which of the following laws? The Clayton Act of 1914 The Celler–Kefauver Act of 1950 The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 The Robinson–Patman Act of 1936The Gulf Cartel and Sinaloa Cartel are the two major cartels in illegal drug trade in Mexico. Although, each of these cartels are better off sharing the market, they have an incentive to try to take the entire market. In which of the following ways is cheating among these cartel members dealt with in this region?One of the most famous cartels of the past 50 years is OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. The members of OPEC are countries rather than individual businesses. Oil Ministers from each of the countries meet regularly to establish how much each oil each country will produce each month (the amount each country agrees to produce is called its quota). Saudi Arabia is the largest oil-producing country in OPEC. Why does Saudi Arabia usually produce less than its quota each month?