There are about 100 million households in the US that self- identify as white and have annual income below $100 000. Aaron thinks the average annual family income for this population is about $50 000. Sophie thinkS Aaron's number is probably wrong. They agree to hypothesis test Aaron's estimate at level of significance 0.1, using the following annual income estimates from a random sample of ten such families: 94000,71000,31000,46000,33500,71000,36000,66000,31000,7850 The sample mean is The sample standard deviation is The value of the test statistic is The dof = The critical numbers are and The P-value is

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.