Tinnitus controlled by cranial faults correction Kyujin Jang, O.M.D Abstract Tinnitus is .784px;”> .1em;”>a common symptom of ear diseases,which is defined as a noise or ringing in the ear. when the noise is continuous and loud, it is so annoying and aggravates hearing loss. Many causes of tinnitus have conventionally been classified, but when there are no signs or symptoms to diagnose a certain disease inducing tinnitus, the cause of the tinnitus can only be suspected. When the noise is subjective and it is not associated with a known disease, the tinnitus is dealt with drugs to reduce the noise. But the mechanism and action of the drugs are still unknown. It is considered that the tinnitus is from one of these causes like cochlea, brain stem or cortex, vascular changes in the central nerve system, and muscular sound in the head and neck. The patient in this case shows that cranial faults which may affect blood flow and central nerve system can be classified one of the causes of tinnitus. 1. Introduction Tinnitus aurium is defined as a subjective sensation of noises in the ears in Dorland’s Medical Dictionary. Now this term is more inclusive and is accepted as meaning an auditory perception of internal origin.³⁾ Tinnitus means a noise or ringing sound in the ear as a common symptom ear diseases.¹⁾ The noise is usually subjective and audible only to the patient, but occasionally objective tinnitus can be heard by the examining physician who employs certain techniques. When tinnitus is continuous and loud, it may actually interfere with hearing and be so annoying that a neurosis develops.²⁾Many factors are suggested to explain the causes of tinnitus according to the aural and general systemic examinations such as cerumen in the external canal, perforation of the tympanic membrane, or fluid in the middle ear, otosclerosis, inflammation of the middle ear, acoustic trauma, drugs, vascular changes in the central nervous system, tumors, anemia and low blood pressure, syphilis of the central nervous system and muscular sounds in the head and neck for subjective tinnitus. However in many cases the cause cannot be determined with no other signs or symptoms to aid in diagnosis, the cause can only be suspected.²⁾ Tinnitus with certain causes can be relieved by treating the underlying diseases, but when no treatable causes can be found, the symptom alone should be treated. This case report suggests that AK diagnosis and treatment can be one of the choices to relieve tinnitus without causes. 2. Case review Chief complain of a female patient was tinnitus and she also complaint intermittent light dizziness, fullness in her left ear and nausea. Dizziness and nausea got worsened when the noise happened. All these symptoms started one month ago after marathon. She had been having intermittent light dizziness from two months ago when she stood up and turned around. She had the history of an operation on her left ear because of tympanum rupture by accident about ten years ago. No etiological disease was detected by a local otolaryngologist. She was having an examination to find any certain cause at a university hospital and taking a medical treatment which was not effective. Any cause was not found at the moment when she visited my clinic. A. AK examination Cranial faults were suspected and indicator muscle was tested with breathing. Pectoralis Major sternal division was tested weak when the patient held deep expiration. The indicator muscle tested weak again, while therapy localizing right occipitomastoid suture, and the muscle became strong with deep inspiration. Right mastoid process posterior tip was challenged anteriorly to decide the direction to correct. Pectoralis Major was also tested weak when the patient took a deep breath with one nostril blocked. The muscle became strong while she was holding the inspiration with one nostril blocked. With the patient prone, occiput was challenged clockwise with piriformis as an indicator muscle and this test was positive. Neck extensor and neck flexor muscles were tested and left neck flexor muscles, sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles, tested weak. B. TreatmentThe patient was treated twice a week for ten times. Herbal medicine and acupuncture were applied for the first two weeks, and AK treatment was applied for three weeks. Adjusting cranial faults was mainly applied during the treatment.Right inspiration assist cranial fault was corrected by adding pressure on the right mastoid process anteriorly while the patient was taking a deep inspiration. The correction was applied about five times at one session. For universal cranial fault treatment, one hand was contacted on the occiput and the thumb and index finger of the other hand were contacted on the mastoid processes. The direction for correction was applied counterclockwise with the patient inspiration. Category II treatment and muscle adjusting for left neck flexors, origin/insertion technique, were also done at the same time. C. ProgressTinnitus and other symptoms were relieved for the first two weeks while medicine and acupuncture treatment were applied. Then the patient complaint that every symptom returned after about two weeks. The patient was diagnosed and dealt with AK again. Cranial faults, category II, and muscle weakness were diagnosed and treated. The patient had AK treatment twice a week for three weeks. The patient did not notice any change after first and second sessions on cranial faults. The symptoms including tinnitus started improving after third session. Tinnitus was impressively diminished and did not occurred again. 3. Discussion Tinnitus has been categorized in two types by Fowler. 1) vibratory, real sounds, mechanical in origin, arising within or near the ear, and 2) non-vibratory, neural excitation and conduction from anywhere within the auditory system to the auditory cortex, without a mechanical basis. Vibratory tinnitus is real sound of a physical source such as muscle activity, or vascular alteration, which causes auditory paresthesia. Non-vibratory tinnitus is nonfactual sound, because this is an illusion of sound caused by an irritation of the auditory neural elements. The origin of auditory neural irritation may be anywhere from the tympanic promontory, along the pathways to the cortex.¹⁾³⁾ Atkinson also has divided tinnitus into intrinsic and extrinsic tinnitus, and he said that intrinsic tinnitus arises from an auditory paresthesia, a paresthesia of the auditory nerve and of vascular origin.¹⁾Even though tinnitus associated with non-vibratory origin is more common than vibratory tinnitus, the understanding of non-vibratory tinnitus is less well completed. Proposed pathophysiologies of non-vibratory tinnitus is paresthesias of the auditory nerve, autonomic imbalance resulting in vasospasm, irritation of the tympanic plexus, hypersensitivity of the chorda tympani nerve, sludging of blood, increased tension of middle ear muscles on inner ear fluids, and so on. Regional vascular disorders causing blood flow increase and turbulence are the most noticeable clinical symptom of vibratory tinnitus.³⁾Tinnitus is often considered as a symptom of aural disease²⁾, and it may appear before symptomatic deafness.¹⁾ The ideal treatment for tinnitus would seem to a therapeutic approach to the related etiological factors. At present there is no sure way to accomplish this because the cause of tinnitus cannot be determined in many cases, and etiological agent no longer exists. Although there are no other signs to aid in diagnosis, the tinnitus persists, then the cause can only be suspected.¹⁾²⁾ Tinnitus caused by changes in the external canal and middle ear can usually be relieved. The type accompanying acute or subacute middle ear disease disappears when the inflammation subsides. Tinnitus caused by disturbances in the cochlea, eighth nerve, and central nervous system cannot be treated and disappeared with the control of underlying diseases, if it is associated with a known disease. The majority of the patients cannot be treated successfully. Medical treatment which accounts for a great part of treatment is still undergoing changes, and the mechanism and sites of action of these drugs on tinnitus remains undiscovered.²⁾ Although TMJ dysfunction is still poorly understood and a subject of debate, one of the proposed explanation for tinnitus is associated with Costen’s syndrome (temporomandibular joint dysfunction).³⁾ TMJ of this patient was not tested and tinnitus in this case is not associated with TMJ dysfunction. But TMJ　dysfunction and cranial bone movement can locally interact and affect each other. In the case of tinnitus with no treatable cause, contemporary medications like vasodilators , sedatives and antiallergic drugs, are the only way except surgery or masking. Biofeedback, learned techniques of relaxation, has been used to control tinnitus.²⁾ Then cranial faults which induce structural, functional problems of blood flow around the ear, cerebrospinal fluid, afferent nerve stimulation to the central nerve system can be the cause of tinnitus. 4. Conclusion In the control of tinnitus, it should be considered as a symptom, and a specific cause must be sought and eliminated. But tinnitus without an underlying disease is treated as a symptom itself. Then AK diagnosis and treatment on cranial faults can be effective against tinnitus. 5. Reference 1.TINNITUS AURIUM IN NORMALLY HEARING PERSONS. MORRIS F.HELLER,MD.MOEBERGMAN,Ed.D. Ann Otol.Vol 62, 73-83(1953) 2.TEXTBOOK OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY DAVID D.DeWEESE, M.D and WILLIAM H.SAUNDERS, M.D sixth edition The C.V. Mosby Company ST.LOUIS TRONTO LONDON 1982 3.OTOLARYNGOLOGY second edition Volume II THE EAR MICHEAL M.PAPARELLA,M.D and DONALD A.SHUMRICK,M.D W.B SAUNDERS COMPANY

Tinnitus controlled by cranial faults
correction
Kyujin Jang, O.M.D
Abstract
Tinnitus is .784px;”> .1em;”>a common symptom of ear diseases,which is defined as a
noise or ringing in the ear. when the noise is continuous and loud, it is so
annoying and aggravates hearing loss. Many causes of tinnitus have
conventionally been classified, but when there are no signs or symptoms to
diagnose a certain disease inducing tinnitus, the cause of the tinnitus can
only be suspected. When the noise is subjective and it is not associated with a
known disease, the tinnitus is dealt with drugs to reduce the noise. But the
mechanism and action of the drugs are still unknown. It is considered that the
tinnitus is from one of these causes like cochlea, brain stem or cortex,
vascular changes in the central nerve system, and muscular sound in the head
and neck.
The patient in this case shows that cranial faults which may affect
blood flow and central nerve system can be classified one of the causes of
tinnitus.
1. Introduction
Tinnitus aurium is defined as a subjective sensation of noises in
the ears in Dorland’s Medical Dictionary. Now this term is
more inclusive and is accepted as meaning an auditory perception of internal
origin.³⁾ Tinnitus means a noise or ringing sound in the
ear as a common symptom ear diseases.¹⁾ The noise is
usually subjective and audible only to the patient, but occasionally objective
tinnitus can be heard by the examining physician who employs certain
techniques. When tinnitus is continuous and loud, it may actually interfere
with hearing and be so annoying that a neurosis develops.²⁾Many
factors are suggested to explain the causes of tinnitus according to the aural
and general systemic examinations such as cerumen in the external canal,
perforation of the tympanic membrane, or fluid in the middle ear, otosclerosis,
inflammation of the middle ear, acoustic trauma, drugs, vascular changes in the
central nervous system, tumors, anemia and low blood pressure, syphilis of the
central nervous system and muscular sounds in the head and neck for subjective
tinnitus. However in many cases the cause cannot be determined with no other
signs or symptoms to aid in diagnosis, the cause can only be suspected.²⁾
Tinnitus with certain causes can be relieved by treating the
underlying diseases, but when no treatable causes can be found, the symptom
alone should be treated. This case report suggests that AK diagnosis and
treatment can be one of the choices to relieve tinnitus without causes.
2. Case review
Chief complain of a female patient was tinnitus and she also
complaint intermittent light dizziness, fullness in her left ear and nausea.
Dizziness and nausea got worsened when the noise happened. All these symptoms
started one month ago after marathon. She had been having intermittent light
dizziness from two months ago when she stood up and turned around. She had the
history of an operation on her left ear because of tympanum rupture by accident
about ten years ago.
No etiological disease was detected by a local otolaryngologist. She
was having an examination to find any certain cause at a university hospital
and taking a medical treatment which was not effective. Any cause was not found
at the moment when she visited my clinic.
A. AK examination
Cranial faults were suspected and indicator muscle was tested with
breathing. Pectoralis Major sternal division was tested weak when the patient
held deep expiration. The indicator muscle tested weak again, while therapy localizing
right occipitomastoid suture, and the muscle became strong with deep
inspiration. Right mastoid process posterior tip was challenged anteriorly to
decide the direction to correct.
Pectoralis Major was also tested weak when the patient took a deep
breath with one nostril blocked. The muscle became strong while she was holding
the inspiration with one nostril blocked. With the patient prone, occiput was
challenged clockwise with piriformis as an indicator muscle and this test was
positive.
Neck extensor and neck flexor muscles were tested and left neck
flexor muscles, sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles, tested weak.
B. TreatmentThe patient was treated twice a week for ten
times. Herbal medicine and acupuncture were applied for the first two weeks,
and AK treatment was applied for three weeks. Adjusting cranial faults was
mainly applied during the treatment.Right inspiration assist cranial fault was
corrected by adding pressure on the right mastoid process anteriorly while the
patient was taking a deep inspiration. The correction was applied about five
times at one session. For universal cranial fault treatment, one hand was
contacted on the occiput and the thumb and index finger of the other hand were
contacted on the mastoid processes. The direction for correction was applied
counterclockwise with the patient inspiration.
Category II treatment and muscle adjusting for left neck flexors,
origin/insertion technique, were also done at the same time.
C. ProgressTinnitus and other symptoms were relieved for the
first two weeks while medicine and acupuncture treatment were applied. Then the
patient complaint that every symptom returned after about two weeks. The
patient was diagnosed and dealt with AK again. Cranial faults, category II, and
muscle weakness were diagnosed and treated. The patient had AK treatment twice
a week for three weeks. The patient did not notice any change after first and
second sessions on cranial faults. The symptoms including tinnitus started
improving after third session. Tinnitus was impressively diminished and did not
occurred again.
3. Discussion
Tinnitus has been categorized in two types by Fowler. 1) vibratory,
real sounds, mechanical in origin, arising within or near the ear, and 2)
non-vibratory, neural excitation and conduction from anywhere within the
auditory system to the auditory cortex, without a mechanical basis. Vibratory
tinnitus is real sound of a physical source such as muscle activity, or
vascular alteration, which causes auditory paresthesia. Non-vibratory tinnitus
is nonfactual sound, because this is an illusion of sound caused by an
irritation of the auditory neural elements. The origin of auditory neural
irritation may be anywhere from the tympanic promontory, along the pathways to
the cortex.¹⁾³⁾
Atkinson also has divided tinnitus into intrinsic and extrinsic
tinnitus, and he said that intrinsic tinnitus arises from an auditory
paresthesia, a paresthesia of the auditory nerve and of vascular origin.¹⁾Even though tinnitus associated with non-vibratory origin is
more common than vibratory tinnitus, the understanding of non-vibratory
tinnitus is less well completed. Proposed pathophysiologies of non-vibratory
tinnitus is paresthesias of the auditory nerve, autonomic imbalance resulting
in vasospasm, irritation of the tympanic plexus, hypersensitivity of the chorda
tympani nerve, sludging of blood, increased tension of middle ear muscles on
inner ear fluids, and so on. Regional vascular disorders causing blood flow
increase and turbulence are the most noticeable clinical symptom of vibratory
tinnitus.³⁾Tinnitus is often considered as a symptom of
aural disease²⁾, and it may appear before symptomatic
deafness.¹⁾ The ideal treatment for tinnitus would seem to
a therapeutic approach to the related etiological factors. At present there is
no sure way to accomplish this because the cause of tinnitus cannot be
determined in many cases, and etiological agent no longer exists. Although
there are no other signs to aid in diagnosis, the tinnitus persists, then the
cause can only be suspected.¹⁾²⁾ Tinnitus caused by
changes in the external canal and middle ear can usually be relieved. The type
accompanying acute or subacute middle ear disease disappears when the
inflammation subsides. Tinnitus caused by disturbances in the cochlea, eighth
nerve, and central nervous system cannot be treated and disappeared with the
control of underlying diseases, if it is associated with a known disease. The
majority of the patients cannot be treated successfully.
Medical treatment which accounts for a great part of treatment is
still undergoing changes, and the mechanism and sites of action of these drugs
on tinnitus remains undiscovered.²⁾
Although TMJ dysfunction is still poorly understood and a subject of
debate, one of the proposed explanation for tinnitus is associated with Costen’s syndrome (temporomandibular joint dysfunction).³⁾
TMJ of this patient was not tested and tinnitus in this case is not associated
with TMJ dysfunction. But TMJ　dysfunction and cranial bone
movement can locally interact and affect each other. In the case of tinnitus
with no treatable cause, contemporary medications like vasodilators , sedatives
and antiallergic drugs, are the only way except surgery or masking.
Biofeedback, learned techniques of relaxation, has been used to control
tinnitus.²⁾ Then cranial faults which induce structural,
functional problems of blood flow around the ear, cerebrospinal fluid, afferent
nerve stimulation to the central nerve system can be the cause of tinnitus.
4. Conclusion
In the control of tinnitus, it should be considered as a symptom,
and a specific cause must be sought and eliminated. But tinnitus without an
underlying disease is treated as a symptom itself. Then AK diagnosis and
treatment on cranial faults can be effective against tinnitus.
5. Reference
1.TINNITUS AURIUM IN NORMALLY HEARING PERSONS. MORRIS
F.HELLER,MD.MOEBERGMAN,Ed.D. Ann Otol.Vol 62, 73-83(1953)
2.TEXTBOOK OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY DAVID D.DeWEESE, M.D and WILLIAM
H.SAUNDERS, M.D sixth edition The C.V. Mosby Company ST.LOUIS TRONTO LONDON
1982
3.OTOLARYNGOLOGY second edition Volume II THE EAR MICHEAL
M.PAPARELLA,M.D and DONALD A.SHUMRICK,M.D W.B SAUNDERS COMPANY

The diagnosis and treatment of a hand tremor caused by
foot dysfunctionKyujin
Jang, O.M.D
Abstract
Although tremor is one of the most common movement disorders, the
classification and treatment of tremor are not clearly defined. Treatments for
tremor are expected to be applied according to the etiology, but many
oscillatory symptoms do not have certain causes. Under this condition, AK
diagnosis and treatment can be one of the many approaches to tremor. This case
especially shows the association between cranial faults with foot dysfunction,
while managing hand tremor with AK treatment.
1. Introduction
Tremor is defined as a rhythmical, involuntary oscillatory movement
of a body part caused by synchronous or alternating contraction of antagonist
muscle groups.³⁾⁵⁾Although many studies about tremor have been
performed, there are still many patients with oscillation which is not clearly
defined or clarified under classification of tremor.
An individual’s tremor is clinically diagnosed
in two groups, phenomenological tremors and etiological tremors. Firstly,
determine that observed tremor is classified on phenomenological grounds, then
try to find any etiological cause by looking for the patient’s
history and physical examination including thyroid function tests and brain imaging
such as CT or MRI⁴⁾The phenomenological classification of
observed tremor is determined by finding out:
-which parts of the patient’s body are affected by tremor?
-what types (or components) of tremor, classified by state of
activity, are present at those anatomical sites?
The following definitions are used to describe the various tremor
components evident on examination:
-Rest tremor is a tremor present in a body part that is not
voluntarily activated and is completely supported against gravity (ideally
resting on a couch)
-Action tremor is any tremor that is producted by voluntary
contraction of a muscle. It includes postural, kinetic, intention, task
specific, and isometric tremor:
=Postural tremor is present while voluntary maintaining a position
against gravity
=Kinetic tremor is tremor occurring during any voluntary movement.
Simple kinetic tremor occurs during voluntary movements that are not target
directed.
=Intention tremor or tremor during target directed movement is
present when tremor amplitude increases during visually guided movements
towards a target at the termination of that movement, when the possibility of
position specific tremor or postural tremor produced at the beginning and end
of a movement has been excluded.
=Task specific kinetic tremor – kinetic tremor may appear or become
exacerbated during specific activities. Occupational tremors and primary
writing tremor are examples of this
=Isometric tremor – tremor occurring as a result of muscle
contraction against a rigid stationary object.³⁾
when any etiological clue is found as the cause of the tremor, the
tremor is classified as below;
Normal tremor
-Normal (physiological) tremor
-Enhanced physiological tremor (e.g. anxiety)
Pathological tremor
-Enhanced physiological tremor (e.g. hyperthyroidism)
-Essential tremor – hereditary or sporadic
-Parkinson’s disease and other causes of parkinsonism
-The dystonic tremor syndromes
-Drug induced tremor syndromes
-Multiple sclerosis associated tremor
-Neuropathic tremor, including porphyrias
-Holmes’ tremor (midbrain or rubral)
-Primary writing tremor and other task spicific tremors
-primary orthostatic tremor
-Cerebellar tremors
-Post-traumatic tremor
-Cerebrovascular disease
-Psychogenic³⁾
2. Case review
A 20 year-old female patient staying in Phillipine complaint left
hand tremor for several years. The type of tremor seemed to be essential tremor
which is the most common movement disorder.¹⁾ Because it
begins in the fingers and hands but it was not bilateral symmetric and the
tremor happened while resting as well²⁾. She also had an
numbness on her left leg, when the tremor was present. The oscillatory symptoms
was intermittent just two weeks before coming to my clinic, she determined to
come to my clinic because it had been worsen. Thyroid function was routinely
tested in Phillipine, but thyroid hormone blood level was normal. She was
diagnosed that she had an unbalanced temporomandibular joint, and recommended
to adjust the TM joint by dental treatment by a dentist in Phillipine. Several
tests including a cerebral magnetic resonance scan were examined to identify
the cause of the tremor, but any cause or focal lesion in brain were revealed.A.
AK examination
The indicator muscle, right rectus femoris, tested weak, when right
mastoid process and sagittal suture were therapy localized. And the muscle
became strong when the patient held deep inspiration with right mastoid process
TL. Challenge was applied to the mastoid process posterior tip anteriorly to
determine the direction of correction, and the strong muscle became weak.
Pressing the sagittal suture together also caused the indicator muscle to
weaken. PI type of Category II SI joint subluxation was also found by AK test.
As a dentist in Phillipine mentioned the possibility of the unbalanced
temoporomandibular joint, TM joint was tested to find any problem associated
with the tremor by TL on both TM joints with pectoralis major sternal division
as an indicator muscle, but the result was negative.B. TreatmentTreatment
was practiced two times a week for five weeks, because the patient was
scheduled to come back to Phillipine. The symptom was diminished right after
the treatment on cranial fault and pelvis. The right inspiration assist cranial
fault was corrected by applying pressure to the mastoid process anteriorly
while the patient was taking a deep breath-in, and the sagittal suture jamming
was released by separating the suture during inspiration. Category II
subulxation was treated with SOT　blocks as well during the
session. C. Progress
The patient complaint the symptom returned while she came back home
everytime. She also said that hand tremor got worsen when she ran to cross the
road. Another examination was performed on the patient’
feet to find any problem at fifth session. Muscle test on serratus anterior
muscle was positive after the patient walked or jumped in place while
weight-bearing test was negative. Hyper-supination of left ankle joint was
diagnosed and foot adjustment was done during every session.
Exercise to strengthen posterior tibialis was instructed to do by
herself. About three weeks later, right hand tremor and left leg numbness were
much improved and it was safely maintained.
3. Discussion
When a person does not have any health problem, muscles are expected
to function normally. But any structural, chemical, and mental problem can
cause muscle facilitation or inhibition through improper transmission from the
afferent receptors to the central nerve system. Any of the receptors can
malfunction to create inappropriate impulses by stimulation, and the central
nerve system reacts causing abnormal facilitation or inhibition of muscles.⁶⁾ Tremor can be considered as
malfunction of muscles caused by many reasons. Etiological tremors can
disappear by treating the pathological disease which causes tremors, but
phenomenological tremors do not have any specific treatment.
The patient in this case had left hand tremor worsening as time goes
on recently. The symptom was recovered with right inspiration assist cranial
fault and category II correction for a while, but the tremor returned after the
session every time. After several treatment sessions, a weight-bearing problem
was indicated. The patient complaint that the tremor recurred when she ran to
cross the road to come back home right after the treatment. Additional
examination was done on the patient’s feet. The indicator muscle,
Serratus anterior muscle, tested weak after walking or jumping in place,
especially by tapping on the plantar surface of left foot for shock absorber
test, and the symptom actually reappeared by tapping the foot. The quadriceps
muscle tested to determine foot subluxation. Talus and calcaneus subluxation
were found by static challenging talus laterally and calcaneus posteriorly.
Talus subluxation was corrected from lateral to medial and calcaneus was
adjusted from posterior to anterior according to the result of challenge test.
After the treatment of foot dysfunction the tremor was much more relieved and
lasted longer even though the patient runs.The foot plays an important role for
illustrating the body‘s integration in the orthopedic
discussion. Not only orthopedic problems such as knee pain and shoulder
problems but also many health problems relate directly and indirectly to the
feet. Static pronation was not observed in this patient, but extended foot
pronation should have been tested and muscle stretching procedures to the
triceps surae should be applied. Because the major cause of extended foot
pronation is a short triceps surae composed the gastrocnemius, the soleus, and
their shared tendon.⁶⁾
4. Conclusion
Foot dysfunction can cause remote health problems as well as ankles,
and knees problems. The patient with a hand tremor recurring after the
correction of cranial faults should be considered to reveal any causes which
can locate distantly from the lesion of symptoms
5. Reference
1. Essential tremor and cerebellar dysfunction, Clinical and
kinematic analysis of intention tremor, G.Deuschl, R.Wenzelburger, K.Lőffler, J.Raethjen and H.Stolze.
Brain(2000), 123, 1568-1580
2. Basic Neurology second edition, John Gilory, M.D, McGRAW-HILL
INTERNATIONAL EDITIONS
3. Peter G Bain, The management of tremor, J NeurolNeurosurg
Psychiatry 2002;72(suppl I):i3-i9
4. Differential Diagnosis of Movement Disorders in Clinical
Practice, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01607-8_1, Springer International Publishing
Switzerland 2014
5. OXFORD AMERICAN HANDBOOK OF NEUROLOGY Edited by Sid Gilman,
Chapter 9, Movement disorders and ataxia.
6. David S. Walther, Applied Kinesilology Synopsis, 2nd
Edition, Triad of Health Publishing, 6405 Metcalf Avenue, Suite 503, Shawnee
Mission.