Consider a spacecraft in an elliptical orbit around the earth. At the low point, or perigee, of its orbit, it is 300 km above the earth's surface; at the high point, or apogee, it is 4500 km above the earth's surface. What is the period of the spacecraft's orbit? Using conservation of angular momentum, find the ratio of the spacecraft's speed at perigee to its speed at apogee. Using conservation of energy, find the speed at perigee and the speed at apogee. It is necessary to have the spacecraft escape from the earth completely. If the spacecraft's rockets are fired at perigee, by how much would the speed have to be increased to achieve this? What if the rockets were fired at apogee?
Angular Momentum
The momentum of an object is given by multiplying its mass and velocity. Momentum is a property of any object that moves with mass. The only difference between angular momentum and linear momentum is that angular momentum deals with moving or spinning objects. A moving particle's linear momentum can be thought of as a measure of its linear motion. The force is proportional to the rate of change of linear momentum. Angular momentum is always directly proportional to mass. In rotational motion, the concept of angular momentum is often used. Since it is a conserved quantity—the total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant—it is a significant quantity in physics. To understand the concept of angular momentum first we need to understand a rigid body and its movement, a position vector that is used to specify the position of particles in space. A rigid body possesses motion it may be linear or rotational. Rotational motion plays important role in angular momentum.
Moment of a Force
The idea of moments is an important concept in physics. It arises from the fact that distance often plays an important part in the interaction of, or in determining the impact of forces on bodies. Moments are often described by their order [first, second, or higher order] based on the power to which the distance has to be raised to understand the phenomenon. Of particular note are the second-order moment of mass (Moment of Inertia) and moments of force.
Consider a spacecraft in an elliptical orbit around the earth. At the low point, or perigee, of its orbit, it is 300 km above the earth's surface; at the high point, or apogee, it is 4500 km above the earth's surface. What is the period of the spacecraft's orbit? Using conservation of
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Using conservation of energy, find the speed at perigee and the speed at apogee. It is necessary to have the spacecraft escape from the earth completely. If the spacecraft's rockets are fired at perigee, by how much would the speed have to be increased to achieve this? What if the rockets were fired at apogee?
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