Water flows with a flow rate of 0.035 m³/s through a horizontal pipe whose diameter is reduced from 15 cm to 8 cm with a reduction. Since the pressure at the center of the pipe and the pressure loss from the reduction are measured at 40 kPa, which of the following is the irreversible head loss in the reduction? (Kinetic energy correction factor 1.05, v₁=2 m/s; v₂=7 m/s)

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Fluid Dynamics

The study of the flow of gases and liquids, usually in and around solid surfaces, is known as fluid dynamics in physics and engineering. Fluid dynamics, for example, can be used to evaluate the movement of air through an airplane wing or the surface of a vehicle. It can also be used in ship design to increase the speed at which ships pass through water.