We know quite a bit about Notch/Delta and Hes gene oscillations during embryonic development. What do oscillations of these genes in the adult neural stem cell niche actually look like? How do these oscillations result in the progression from stem cell to neuron?
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We know quite a bit about Notch/Delta and Hes gene oscillations during embryonic development. What do oscillations of these genes in the adult neural stem cell niche actually look like? How do these oscillations result in the progression from stem cell to neuron?
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- The BMP-Nodal gradient so vital to amphibian and fish development may be critically important in other vertebrates (including humans) as well. Moreover, can any field of pluripotent cells (such as human embryonic stem cells)respond to gradients of BMP and Nodal signals?What specific molecular factors determine the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into different cell types during development?As shown in Figure 13-26, the Sonic hedgehog gene is expressed in many places in a developing chicken. Is theidentical Sonic hedgehog protein expressed in each tissue? If so, how do the tissues develop into different structures? If not, how are different Sonic hedgehog proteinsproduced?
- In flies, the gap gene kruppel is expressed in a broad band in the middle of the embryo with giant expressed as its anterior border and knirps at its posterior border. How is the expression of kruppel limited to this band in the embryo? Describe the spatial regulation of the kruppel gene.Discuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens to the phenotype of a fruit fly when a gain-of-function mutation in a homeotic gene causes the protein to be expressed in an abnormal region of the embryo. What are the consequences of a loss-of-function mutation in such a gene?What is MyoD? What role does it play in cell differentiation?
- “In the early Drosophila embryo, the establishment of different body regionor tissues along, on the one hand, the anteroposterior axis and, on theother, the dorsoventral axis are initiated by clues provided by the egg’smother; however the nature of those signals and the way in which theyoperate is completely different”. Discuss whether this statement is correct.What is the signaling pathway that mediates the organizing activity of the A/P organizer in the Drosophila wing disc? Describe two experiments that suggest this pathway functions to organize pattern and promote growth along the anterior/posterior axis of wing imaginal discs.Analysis of Hunchback mRNA expression tells us what about Hunchback gene expression? That the Hunchback gene is always on That the Hunchback gene is not expressed in the fruit fly That the Hunchback gene is turned on and off during development Nothing
- How have we discovered that specific genes control development in an organism like Drosophila?Signal transduction pathways are important mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication in multicellular organisms. How do the target cells typically respond when they receive signals from neighboring cells during very early stages of embryo development? A. The target cells move to one of the poles to establish the anterior-posterior body axis. B. The target cells undergo changes in gene expression, sending them down a specific developmental path. C. The target cells stop dividing so the neighboring cells have time to get to the same stage of development. D. The target cells activate a collection of miRNAs to accelerate transcription and cell division.The homeotic mutation Antennapedia causes mutant Drosophila to have legs in place of antennae and is a dominant gain of-function mutation. What are the properties of such mutations?How does the Antennapedia gene change antennae into legs?