We know that n differentiable functions x₁(p, m), ..., xn(p,m) of prices and income are generated by some utility maximizing consumer if and only if each of them is homogeneous of degree zero in prices and income, i.e. Σ¿pi xi(p, m)=m, and whose matrix of substitution terms (the Slutsky matrix) is negative semi-definite. This makes Afriat's Theorem and GARP unnecessary Comment.
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- Consider a consumer with utility function u(x1, x2) = α_1x_1^( 2) + α_2x_2^( 2) where α1 > 0 and α2 > 0. Assume that p1, p2 > 0.? (a) Derive expenditure function e(p, u). Verify that it is homogeneous of degree 1 in p and increasing in u. (b) Using expenditure function and Hicksian demand, calculate Walrasian demand and indirect utilityConsider the following indirect utility function:ʋ(P,y) = y(P1r + P2r)-1/r Wherer = ρ/(ρ-1, Pi are parametric prices, and y is the consumer’s budget a) Solve for the Marshallian demand functions xi (P, y) and verify that these functions are homogenous of degree zero (Hint: you can also use Roy’s Identity). b) Derive the Hicksian demand functions xih (P,u)Q 2. Xinyi has an income of I = 140, and faces prices px = 1 and py = 2. Her utility function is U(x,y) = xy + x. (a) (a) Find her optimal consumption bundle, using the Lagrangian. (Note: You are not required to do so here, but it would be good practice to also solve for Xinyi's demand function for x by leaving prices and income as variables.).
- Let u(x) be a utility function that represents % and let f(.) be a continuousmonotonic function. f(x) is monotonic when x > y ⇐⇒ f(x) > f(y) a) Show that any monotonic transformation of the utility function (f ◦u) can also represent the same preferences.Joanna is playing blackjack for real money. She has reference-dependent preferences overmoney: if her earnings are m and her reference point is r, then her utility is v(m − r), wherethe value function v satisfies v(x) = √x for x ≥ 0, and v(x) = −2√−x for x ≤ 0a) Graph Joanna’s utility function as a function of m − rb) Does Joanna’s utility function satisfy loss aversion? Does it satisfy diminishingsensitivity?Suppose that Joanna has linear probability weights (that is, she does NOT have prospecttheory’s non-linear probability weighting function). Hence, if she has a fifty-fifty chance ofgetting amounts m and m′, and her reference point is r, her expected utility is1/2v(m − r) + 1/2v(m′− r) (2)For parts (c), (d), and (e), assume that Joanna’s reference point is $0 (that is, no winsor losses) and answer the following questions for each part: (i) What is the g for whichJoanna would be indifferent between not gambling and taking fifty-fifty win $g or lose$4 gamble? (ii) Does this reflect…Consider an individual with the following utility function: Derive step-by-step both corresponding Hicksian demand functions depending on the different prices (P₁, P2) and a fixed utility level u. The equation given In picture.do This in 10 minutes.
- A consumer is willing to trade 4 units of x for 1 unit of y when she is consuming bundle(8, 1). She is also willing to trade in 1 unit of x for 2 units of y when she is consumingbundle (4, 4). She is indifferent between these two bundles. Assuming that the utilityfunction is Cobb-Douglas of the form U(x,y)=xα yβ, where α and β are positiveconstants, what is the utility function for this consumer?Existence of representative consumer Suppose households 1 and 2 have one-period utility functions u(c1) and w(c2), respectively, where u and w are both increasing, strictly concave, twice-differentiable functions of a scalar consumption rate. Consider the Pareto problem: Subject to the constraint c1 + c2 = c. Show that the solution of this problem has the form of a concave utility function vθ(c), which depends on the Pareto weight θ. Show that vθ(c) = θu (c1) = (1 − θ)w (c2). The function vθ(c) is the utility function of the representative consumer. Such a representative consumer always lurks within a complete markets competitive equilibrium even with heterogeneous preferences. At a competitive equilibrium, the marginal utilities of the representative agent and each and every agent are proportional.The consumer has an incom Mand a utility function of the form u (x1; x2) = aInx1 + (1 - a)Inx2 If the prices of the two goods are given by p1 and p2, derive the Hicksian demand functions for a given utility level U: Derive the expenditure function. Using the concept of duality, derive the indirect utility function.
- a. Is the “more is better” assumption satisfied for both goods? Explain.b. What type of function is this? Explain.c. Provide expressions for the marginal utilities of x and y and does the marginal utility of x increase, remain constant, or diminish as the consumer buysmore units of x? Explain. Does the marginal utility of y increase, remain constant, or diminish as the consumer buysmore units of y? Explain.d. Provide an expression for the marginal rate of substitution of x for y.e. Is MRSx,y diminishing, constant, or increasing as the consumer substitutes more x for y alongan indifference curve? Explain.f. On a graph with x on the horizontal axis and y on the vertical axis, draw the indifferencecurves for U1 and U2 where U2 has a higher value than U1a. Is the “more is better” assumption satisfied for both goods? Explain.b. What type of function is this? Explain.c. Provide expressions for the marginal utilities of x and y and does the marginal utility of x increase, remain constant, or diminish as the consumer buysmore units of x? Explain. Does the marginal utility of y increase, remain constant, or diminish as the consumer buysmore units of y? Explain.d. Provide an expression for the marginal rate of substitution of x for y.e. Is MRSx,y diminishing, constant, or increasing as the consumer substitutes more x for y alongan indifference curve? Explain.f. On a graph with x on the horizontal axis and y on the vertical axis, draw the indifferencecurves for U1 and U2 where U2 has a higher value than U1 instructions: answer d,e, and f onlyAn individual’s utility function is given by where is the amount of leisure measured in hours per week and is income earned measured in cedis per week. Determine the value of the marginal utilities, when = 138 and = 500. Hence estimate the change in utility if the individual works for an extra hour, which increases earned income by GH¢15 per week. Does the law of diminishing utility hold for this function?