What are morphogens? Explain how they influence tissue patterning during embryonic development. Describe TWO specific examples to support your explanation.
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What are morphogens? Explain how they influence tissue patterning during embryonic development. Describe TWO specific examples to support your explanation.
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- What are morphogens, exactly? Explain how they affect the patterning of tissue throughout embryonic development. Give 4 concrete instances to back up your claims.As shown in Figure 13-26, the Sonic hedgehog gene is expressed in many places in a developing chicken. Is theidentical Sonic hedgehog protein expressed in each tissue? If so, how do the tissues develop into different structures? If not, how are different Sonic hedgehog proteinsproduced?Differential Hox gene expression along the anterior-posterior axis in the trunk sets up a prepattern of tissue identities that includes the limb field location, but what mechanisms are then triggered to initiate limb bud formation?
- Discuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens to the phenotype of a fruit fly when a gain-of-function mutation in a homeotic gene causes the protein to be expressed in an abnormal region of the embryo. What are the consequences of a loss-of-function mutation in such a gene?If a fertilized Drosophila egg is punctured at the anterior end and a small amount of cytoplasm is allowed to leak out, what will be the most likely effect on the development of the fly embryo?a. What are the physical differences and similarities in the reproduction systems of plants and animals? b. What is the difference of morphogenesis in plants and animals?
- With regard to primordial germ cells induction, explain how mammals are different from other organisms like worms, fruit flies, frogs and fish.When in fruit fly development does axes development begin? A. in the unfertilized egg stage when maternal effect genes deposit mRNA and proteins in specific locations B. in the early embryo stage when induction signals between neighboring cells identify where the cells are in three-dimensional space C. in the larval stage when body segments appear, and pattern formation is evident D. in the pupal stage when a gradient of morphogens is establishedConsider the structures neighboring each of the progenitor domains within the somite. How might they influence the development of sclerotomal or dermomyotomal cells?
- What is the function of the basal cell and terminal cell in plant embryo development?What would happen if one cell was removed or damaged at the 2-cell stage of sea urchin embryo development? What about if one cell was removed at the 4-cell stage? At the 8-cell stage? How about if two cells were separated after the first cleavage and allowed to develop on their own?It appeared, then, that something in the region of the gray crescent was essential for proper embryonic development. But how did it function? What role did it play in normal development?