What is a Type II error and its consequence in this context?
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In early 2019, the US rate of recycling plastic water bottles was only 23%. A government agency designs an expensive program to increase the recycling rate. The program will be tested in Texas and, if successful, it will be used nationally. A hypothesis test is conducted with H0: The proportion of water bottles that are recycled is still 23% after the program, and Ha: The proportion of water bottles that are recycled is more than 23% after the program. What is a Type II error and its consequence in this context?
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- In a study of exhaust emissions from school buses, the pollution intake by passengers was determined for a sample of nine school buses used in the Southern California Air Basin. The pollution intake is the amount of exhaust emissions, in grams per person per million grams emitted, that would be inhaled while traveling on the bus during its usual 18-mile18-mile trip on congested freeways from South Central LA to a magnet school in West LA. (In comparison, a city of 11 million people will inhale a total of about 1212 grams of exhaust per million grams emitted.) The amounts for the nine buses when driven with the windows open are given in the table. 1.15 0.33 0.40 0.33 1.35 0.38 0.25 0.40 0.35 A good way to judge the effect of outliers is to do your analysis twice, once with the outliers and a second time without them. Give the 90%90% confidence interval with all the data for the mean pollution intake among all school buses used in the Southern California Air Basin that…A recent drug survey showed an increase in the use of drugs and alcohol among local high school seniors as compared to the national percent. Suppose that a survey of 100 local seniors and 100 national seniors is conducted to see if the proportion of drug and alcohol use is higher locally than nationally. Locally, 65 seniors reported using drugs or alcohol within the past month, while 60 national seniors reported using them.If the data analyst hypothesizes that grocery sales are higher when payment is made using credit cards compared to cash payment, the null hypothesis would likely state that grocery sales are lower when payment is made using credit cards compared to cash payment. T/F
- You are concerned that nausea may be a side effect of Tamiflu, but you cannot just give Tamiflu to patients with the flu and say that nausea is a side effect if people become nauseous. However, past research indicates that about 30% of people who get the flu experience nausea, and you believe that the percentage of those who experience nausea while having the flu and taking Tamiflu will be greater than 30%, which would indicate that nausea is a side effect of Tamiflu.a) If you going to test this claim at the 0.05 significance level, what would be your null and alternative hypotheses?H0: ____ _____H1: ____ _____b) What type of hypothesis test should you conduct (left-, right-, or two-tailed)?You are concerned that nausea may be a side effect of Tamiflu, but you cannot just give Tamiflu to patients with the flu and say that nausea is a side effect if people become nauseous. However, past research indicates that about 30% of people who get the flu experience nausea, and you believe that the percentage of those who experience nausea while having the flu and taking Tamiflu will be greater than 30%, which would indicate that nausea is a side effect of Tamiflu.a) If you going to test this claim at the 0.05 significance level, what would be your null and alternative hypotheses?H0H0: H1H1: b) What type of hypothesis test should you conduct (left-, right-, or two-tailed)? left-tailed right-tailed two-tailedYou are concerned that nausea may be a side effect of Tamiflu, but you cannot just give Tamiflu to patients with the flu and say that nausea is a side effect if people become nauseous. However, past research indicates that about 30% of people who get the flu experience nausea, and you believe that the percentage of those who experience nausea while having the flu and taking Tamiflu will be greater than 30%, which would indicate that nausea is a side effect of Tamiflu.If you are going to test this claim at the 0.05 significance level, what would be your null and alternative hypotheses? H0: ? p = p ≠ p < p > p ≤ p ≥ μ = μ ≠ μ < μ > μ ≤ μ ≥ H1: ? p = p ≠ p < p > p ≤ p ≥ μ = μ ≠ μ < μ > μ ≤ μ ≥ What type of hypothesis test should you conduct (left-, right-, or two-tailed)? left-tailed right-tailed two-tailed
- Globally, 35% of all ridged brittleshell tortoises have spots on their shells. A herpetologist in Citition collects a sample of 38 ridged brittlesell tortoises and finds that 16 of them have spots on their shells. The herpetologist would like to test the claim that the proportion of ridged brittleshell tortoises in Cititon with spots on their shells is greater than 35%. The herpetologist ends up rejecting the null hypothesis. If the actual proportion of ridged brittleshell tortoises in Cititon with spots on their shells is 41%, then what type of error, if any, has occurred? In the problem above, what is the test statistic?According to the February 2008 Federal Trade Commission report on consumer fraud and identity theft, 23% of all complaints in 2007 were for identity theft. In that year, Alaska had 321 complaints of identity theft out of 1,432 consumer complaints ("Consumer fraud and," 2008). Does this data provide enough evidence to show that Alaska had a lower proportion of identity theft than 23%? Test at the 5% level. (v) Do values for np and nq both exceed 5? Enter YES or NO for answer (vi) Calculate and enter test statistic Enter value in decimal form rounded to nearest thousandth, with appropriate sign (no spaces). Examples of correctly entered answers: –2.014 –0.370 +0.600 +1.009 (vii) Using tables, calculator, or spreadsheet: Determine and enter p-value corresponding to test statistic. Enter value in decimal form rounded to nearest thousandth. Examples of correctly entered answers: 0.000 0.001 0.030 0.600 0.814 1.000At the 5% level of significance, which variables are statistically significant? If the price of cement per yard increases by 10, what will happen to the estimated quantity of cement demanded? What happens if it will increase by 20%?
- In terms of the model parameters, state the null hypothesis that, after controlling for sales and roe, ros has no effect on CEO salary. State the alternative that better stock market performance increases a CEO’s salary.In a classic study, Shrauger (1972) examined the effect of an audience on performance for two groups of participants: high self-esteem and low self-esteem individuals. The participants in the study were given a problem-solving task with half of the individuals in each group working alone and a half working with an audience. Performance on the problem-solving task was measured for each individual. The results showed that the presence of an audience had little effect on high self-esteem participants but significantly lowered the performance for the low self-esteem participants. a. How many factors does this study have? What are they? b. Describe this study using the notation system that indicates factors and numbers of levels of each factor.Researchers wanted to determine whether fence lizards learned to avoid fire ants. To determine this, they gathered lizards from eastern Arkansas (where there were no fire ants), and from southern Alabama (which had been invaded by fire ants). The lizards were then exposed to fire ants, and researchers measured how long (in seconds) it took the lizards to flee. The researchers observed that the lizards from Alabama had an average response time of 32 seconds, and the lizards from Arkansas had an average response time of 44 seconds. Using this, which of the following is closest to the P-value for this hypothesis test? Choice 1:0.5 Choice 2:0.005 Choice 3:0.05 Choice 4:1 Choice 5:0.01 Which is the correct choice and why?
