What is the end product of catabolism of the pyrimidine base thymine? What circumstances cause excess amounts of this end product, and why doesn’t this molecule (unlike uric acid, the end product of purine catabolism) cause a gout-like illness?

Q: Citrullene is a special amino acid that is used in the urea cycle and as a precursor for synthesis…

A: Citrullene acts as a precursor for the synthesis of essential amino acid, Arginine. L-citrullene…

Q: Why does the enzyme reaction for chymotrypsin proceed in two phases?

A: Enzymes are the biocatalysts that increase the rate of biochemical reactions happening inside the…

Q: Why are the protein-digesting enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted as the zymogen…

A: The pancreas is made of pancreatic exocrine cells. The ducts are arranged in clusters, these cells…

Q: Including the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase step (CPS I) and the four steps of the urea cycle, how…

A: ATP provides energy for almost all cellular processes. The ATP is synthesized from mitochondria by…

Q: How do germinating seeds convert their triacylglycerol reserves to the glucose molecules required in…

A: Triacylglycerols are commonly located in the endosperm or cotyledon tissue of the seeds.…

Q: What roles do thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase playin the metabolism of nucleotides?

A: Thioredoxin reductases are the members of pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.…

Q: Human blood serum contains a class of enzymes known as acid phosphatases, which hydrolyze biological…

A: Acid phosphatases are the hydrolytic enzymes that release phosphate ions from various substrates.…

Q: Urea formation is energetically expensive, requiring the expen- diture of 4 mol of ATP per mole of…

A: Urea cycle is the conversion of toxic product of protein metabolism, which is ammonia, is converted…

Q: What are the structural differences between pyruvate and lactate ions?

A: Pyruvate is the end product of aerobic glycolysis while lactate is the end product of anaerobic…

Q: What is the difference between glutamine synthetase andglutaminase?

A: Enzymes are proteins that have catalytic powers.

Q: What enzyme is catalyzed by the reaction of glutamate and NH4+ in order to yield glutamine? Is it…

A: There are various biomolecules synthesized within our cells. Amino acids also can be synthesized by…

Q: How many possible epimers of d-glucose exist?

A: Epimers are stereoisomers which have same molecular formula but differ in single chiral carbon atom…

Q: What is ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC)deficiency ?

A: Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC)deficiency is a rare x linked recessive genetic disorder…

Q: N-Acetylglutamate is required as a cofactor in the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate. How is…

A: Cofactors are non-protein part of the enzymes that helps in the catalytic activity during a…

Q: What does this important observation imply about the relation between the amino acid sequence of…

A: Protein function is directly related to the structure of that protein. A protein's specific shape…

Q: What citric acid cycle intermediates would accumulate in the presence of malonate?

A: The citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). This cycle…

Q: What are the equilibrium concentrations of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate,…

A: Glycolysis" is the first pathway used by the cell to break down glucose for the need of energy. This…

Q: Why is it that only 2ATP molecules are required to store one glucose molecule as glycogen?

A: Glycogen is a homopolymer that is made up of repeated units of alpha-D-glucose and it is connected…

Q: Which reaction of the IMP → AMP pathway resembles a reaction of the urea cycle?

A: Synthesis of purine yields inosine monophosphate (IMO). IMP is a precursor of adenosine…

Q: How many FADH2 _____& ATP _____are produced from the beta oxidation of Lauric Acid?

A: Beta oxidation is a catabolic process involved in the fatty acid breakdown for  energy production.

Q: What three compounds are classified as ketone bodies? Why are they so designated? What process in…

A: Ketone bodies are produced by liver when the food intake in the body is very low. It is a molecule…

Q: Why is diethyl urea not hydrolyzed by urease?

A: A chemical reaction is a process that converts one or more substances into another substance.…

Q: What is the cAMP phosphodiesterase?

A: Biological macromolecules are those large molecules that are necessary for the survival and growth…

Q: What would be the characteristics of a transition-state analog for the chymotrypsin reaction?

A: Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that act as a catalyst which means they increase the rate of…

Q: Which of the following glycosidic linkages is hydrolyzed by the a-amylase?

A: α amylase enzyme belongs to the enzyme group of amylase. Amylases hydrolyses the α-1,4-glycosidic…

Q: What is the role of glutathione in protection against damage by reactive peroxides? Why is the…

A: Ans: Glutathione: It is the antioxidant molecule that consists of glutamine, glycine as well as…

Q: What type of reaction is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

A: Oxidative decarboxylation is a process in which carbon dioxide is produced through the removal of a…

Q: This is a conjectural question: If the reactive part of coenzyme A is the thioester, why is the…

A: Coenzyme A Is an important coenzyme that plays an important role in many metabolic pathways.the…

Q: Why is phenylketonuria resulting from dihydropteridine reductase deficiency a more serious disorder…

A: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic condition that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to…

Q: N -Acetylglutamate is required as a cofactor in the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate. How is…

A: N-acetyl (NAG) glutamate is considered as a cofactor, in the synthesis of the carbamoyl phosphate,…

Q: What reactions convert glucose-6- phosphate to glyceraldehyde3- phosphate?

A: Glycolysis is a catabolic reaction by which cells convert glucose (obtained from digestion of…

Q: What are the two essential amino acids in the active site of chymotrypsin?

A: Serine-195 and Histidine-57 (involved in catalytic actions) are the  two essential amino acids in…

Q: What is the end product of catabolism of the pyrimidine basethymine? Unlike uric acid, the end…

A: Pyrimidine catabolism occurs mainly in the liver. Pyrimidine catabolism  yields highly soluble end…

Q: What would be the most direct result if NAG (N-acetylglucosamine acid) could not be synthesized?

A: NAG(N-acetylglucosamine acid) - This process acts as a secondary amide in the middle of acetic acid…

Q: What would be the fate of oxaloacetate if there were sufficient fluoroacetate present?

A: The Kreb cycle begins with the condensation of an oxaloacetate, and the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA.…

Q: The sucrose substitute tagatose is produced by hydrolyzing lactose and then chemically converting…

A: Introduction: Tagatose is a ketohexose that appears similar in structure to D-fructose, except for…

Q: What is the role of the urea cycle in amino acid breakdown?

A: The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a series of biochemical reactions that convert…

Q: How is the activity of amylase affected by a low pH? By a high pH? Explain.

A: Every enzyme has an active site at the substrate-binding site, and the shape of the active site…

Q: Is tetrahydrofolate involved in the synthesis of glycine?

A: Introduction: Tetrahydrofolate is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in metabolic…

Q: What prevents the phosphatase activity of PP1 from always inhibiting glycogen degradation?

A: Introduction: Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle. To maintain the glucose levels in…

Q: why is chymotrypsin inactive at high pH?

A: Chymotrypsin is a protease enzyme and thus a digestive enzyme present in the pancreatic juice. It…

Q: What is the CAMP phosphodiesterase?

A: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are four important biological macromolecules with…

Q: What is the mechanism of an enzyme reaction involving a coenzyme for Nucleophilic Addition Rxns?…

A: Enzymes are essential components of all metabolic processes in the body. They are catalytic…

Q: How does phosphorylation increase the reactivity of glucose?

A: Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to another chemical molecule by the…

Q: When the enzyme is incubated with oxaloacetate, will oxaloacetate be observed?

A: Many amino acid biosynthetic pathways involve transamination reactions. The α-amino group from one…