What is the minimum voltage drop for individual electrontransfer events in the mitochondrial electron transport systems that is necessary for ATP synthesis?

Q: What is the lower energy state electron carrier of cellular respiration?

A: Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms combine oxygen with glucose molecules,…

Q: Do any of the respiratory complexes play a role in the citric acid cycle? If so, what is that role?

A: The citric acid cycle is the oxidation of the molecules which was generated in the glycolysis…

Q: How many molecules of CO2, NADH, and FADH2 are releasedper pyruvate oxidized in the citric acid…

A: Cell is the smallest structural and, functional unit of life. It is simple machinery that houses all…

Q: Define chemiosmosis and explain how a gradient of protons is established across the inner…

A: ATP (Adenosine triphosphate synthesis is an important part of oxidative phosphorylation. ATP is the…

Q: How many ATP molecules are made when 40 protons flow from the intermembrane space to the matrix in…

A: The ATP production takes place in the mitochondria in the cell following the Chemiosmotic theory.…

Q: Two mobile electron transfer carriers are present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.  Name these…

A: Electron transport chain is a sequence of biochemical reactions in which electrons and hydrogen…

Q: In aerobic respiration, how many ATP molecules areproduced from one molecule of glucose through…

A: Cellular respiration is the process by which sugars are converted into energy including ATP to allow…

Q: How many carbon dioxide molecules are released after each cycle of the Krebs cycle? For a single…

A: The Krebs cycle releases two carbon dioxide molecules for each cycle it completes

Q: How many protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix for each pair of electrons extracted by…

A: The process of breakdown of fatty acids into the acetyl-CoA is referred to as Fatty acid oxidation.…

Q: In the process of electron and H transport in the mitochondrial inner membrane, which of the…

A: Mitochondria are the membrane-bound organelles that produce the energy required to power the various…

Q: How is the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (IMM) different from the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane (OMM)…

A: A mitochondrion is a double-membrane bound organelle, present in a eukaryotic cell. Mitochondria act…

Q: Calculate the number of usable ATP molecules produced per pair of electrons transferred from NADH to…

A: The reduced coenzymes like NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) store the energy released during…

Q: What happens to the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane if electron flow through…

A: The electron transport chain is a progression of electron transporters installed in the internal…

Q: At what point does O2 enter the energy pathways of aerobicrespiration? What is the role of O2? Why…

A: Aerobic respiration can be defined as the process of respiration that takes place in the presence of…

Q: It has taken considerable amounts of research to establish the number of protons pumped across the…

A: A series of sequential electron-transporting steps is important for the generation of energy…

Q: What would decrease the number of ATP molecules generated per NADH molecule in the electron…

A: NADH is defined as the body coenzyme which will facilitate numerous biological reactions. NADH is…

Q: How many ATPs are produced by the respiratory chain from all the molecules od FADH2 formed from the…

A: One glucose molecule undergoes the process of aerobic respiration for its complete oxidation that…

Q: Is mitochondrial ATP synthase an integral membrane protein?

A: An integral membrane protein is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the…

Q: How many ATPs does the respiratory cahin generate from all the NADH molecule produced from the…

A: An interlinked series of membrane-bound enzyme complexes that is responsible for oxidative…

Q: Can O2 be considered an uncoupler in the mitochondria to increase electron transport? What about…

A: Uncouplers in mitochondria inhibit the coupling between the electron transport and phosphorylation…

Q: What is the maximum number of ATP molecules produced in the electron transport chain from a single…

A: Electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from the electron…

Q: In what sense is mitochondrial ATP synthase a motor protein?

A: ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme. It is localized on the inner mitochondrial membrane. It…

Q: How many ATP equivalents would be generated or used by the metabolism of butanoic acid to carbon…

A: Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy in the body. Glucose is the simplest and major…

Q: Mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids is a major source of ATP, yet fatty acids can be oxidized…

A: Introduction  All cells require energy to survive and energy comes from respiration or metabolism.…

Q: What are some of the difficulties in extracting respiratory complexes from the inner mitochondrial…

A: Mitochondria: The inner and outer mitochondrial membranes divide the mitochondria from the…

Q: What is the effect of adding cyanide to the DNOC-stimulated electron-transport chain?

A: The electron transport chain, abbreviated as ETC is a series of transfer of elections from one…

Q: How many ATPs are synthesized for every cytoplasmic NADH reducing equivalent that is transferred…

A: The malate-aspartate shuttle is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during…

Q: How many ATP are produced from the complete degradation of G3P using glycerol- three phosphate…

A: The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is a mechanism that regenerates NAD+ from NADH that is a by-product…

Q: (A) Do electron transport chains create a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules?…

A: ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme machinery which is located in the inner membrane of…

Q: How many ATP are produced via the Kreb's cycle (total, directly, & indirectly)?

A: Krebs cycle, also termed as a citric acid cycle, occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and…

Q: Where in mitochondria does the process called respiratory chain occur? Which are the products of the…

A: Cellular respiration is a process in which the complex organic molecules are oxidized to generate…

Q: Describe the processes that are driven by mitochondrial electron transport.

A: Electron transport is part of cellular respiration.

Q: Explain the organization of electron carriers in mitochondrial membrane.

A: The inner mitochondrial membrane contains various components of the electron transport system. It…

Q: If actively respiring mitochondria are exposed to an inhibitor of ATPADP translocase, the…

A: Introduction ATP-ADP translocase is a transport protein that acts as an antiporter of ATP and ADP.…

Q: How many carbon dioxide molecules are liberated after each cycle of the Krebs cycle? For a single…

A: “Krebs cycle” involves order of reactions occuring in the mitochondria. This cycle begins with the…

Q: What specific function does NAD+/NADH directly perform during aerobic respiration?

A: Cellular respiration is a cascade of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells…

Q: What is the significance of step-wise release of energy in respiration?

A: Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes. It takes place in the cells of…

Q: ency exchange ratio? Why does the oxidation of mitochondrial FADH2 generate one less ATP than…

A: ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is the energy-carrying molecule in all living organisms. It provides…

Q: Which complexes of the electron transport system are able to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP…

A: The electron transport chain includes an array of protein complexes that allow the transfer of…

Q: How do the ATP mass action ratio and the IF1 protein regulate ATP synthesis?

A: ATP mass action refers to the ration between ATP and ADP+ inorganic phosphate. Usually this ratio…

Q: In the redox reaction summarizing the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration, which…

A: Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration, a kind of respiration in which oxygen gas (O2) is used in…

Q: How many ATP are produced when 2moles of NADH enter the electron transport chain?

A: NADH is the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. It is a biologically active coenzyme. Nicotinamide is…

Q: During aerobic respiration how many ATP molecules are produced by the oxidation of a single molecule…

A: During aerobic respiration, Glycolysis converts glucose breakdown and produces 2 molecules of…

Q: ADP and inorganic phosphate are provided for oxidative phosphorylation via an: O ADP-ATP antiport…

A: During oxidative phosphorylation, ADP and inorganic phosphate get converted into ATP. This occurs…

Q: How many ATP are produced when 3 moles of FADH2 enter the electron transport chain?

A: The electron transport chain is a set of four protein molecules that link redox processes to create…

Q: What percentage of ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation in aerobic respiration?

A: Substrate level phosphorylation: It is the process of direct formation of ATP from ADP and is linked…

Q: What happens with NADH under aerobic  versus anaerobic  conditions?

A: Cellular respiration can occur in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.