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Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Cost Volume Profit (CVP) analysis is a cost accounting method that analyses the effect of fluctuating cost and volume on the operating profit. Also known as break-even analysis, CVP determines the break-even point for varying volumes of sales and cost structures. This information helps the managers make economic decisions on a short-term basis. CVP analysis is based on many assumptions. Sales price, variable costs, and fixed costs per unit are assumed to be constant. The analysis also assumes that all units produced are sold and costs get impacted due to changes in activities. All costs incurred by the company like administrative, manufacturing, and selling costs are identified as either fixed or variable.
Marginal Costing
Marginal cost is defined as the change in the total cost which takes place when one additional unit of a product is manufactured. The marginal cost is influenced only by the variations which generally occur in the variable costs because the fixed costs remain the same irrespective of the output produced. The concept of marginal cost is used for product pricing when the customers want the lowest possible price for a certain number of orders. There is no accounting entry for marginal cost and it is only used by the management for taking effective decisions.
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- Macom Manufacturing has total contribution margin of $61,250 and net income of $24,500 for the month of June. Marcus expects sales volume to increase by 10% in July. What are the degree of operating leverage and the expected percent change in income for Macom Manufacturing? 0.4 and 10% 2.5 and 10% 2.5 and 25% 5.0 and 50%Katayama Company produces a variety of products. One division makes neoprene wetsuits. The divisions projected income statement for the coming year is as follows: Required: 1. Compute the contribution margin per unit, and calculate the break-even point in units. Repeat, using the contribution margin ratio. 2. The divisional manager has decided to increase the advertising budget by 140,000 and cut the average selling price to 200. These actions will increase sales revenues by 1 million. Will this improve the divisions financial situation? Prepare a new income statement to support your answer. 3. Suppose sales revenues exceed the estimated amount on the income statement by 612,000. Without preparing a new income statement, determine by how much profits are underestimated. 4. How many units must be sold to earn an after-tax profit of 1.254 million? Assume a tax rate of 34 percent. (Round your answer up to the next whole unit.) 5. Compute the margin of safety in dollars based on the given income statement. 6. Compute the operating leverage based on the given income statement. (Round to three significant digits.) If sales revenues are 20 percent greater than expected, what is the percentage increase in profits?Company A has current sales of $10,000,000 and a 45% contribution margin. Its fixed costs are $3,000,000. Company B is a service firm with current service revenue of $5,000,000 and a 20% contribution margin. Company Bs fixed costs are $500,000. Compute the degree of operating leverage for both companies. Which company will benefit most from a 25% increase in sales? Explain why.
- Each of the following scenarios requires the use of accounting information to carry out one or more of the following managerial activities: (1) planning, (2) control and evaluation, (3) continuous improvement, or (4) decision making. a. MANAGER: At the last board meeting, we established an objective of earning an after-tax profit equal to 20 percent of sales. I need to know the revenue that we need to earn in order to meet this objective, given that we have 250,000 to spend on the promotional campaign. Once I have estimated sales in units, we then need to outline a promotional campaign that conforms to our budget and that will take us where we want to be. However, to compute the targeted sales revenue, I need to know the unit sales price, the unit variable cost, and the associated fixed production and support costs. I also need to know the tax rate. b. MANAGER: We have problems with our procurement process. Our accounts payable department is spending 80 percent of its time resolving discrepancies between the purchase order, receiving order, and suppliers invoice. Incorrect part numbers on the purchase orders, incorrect quantities ordered, and wrong parts sent (or the incorrect quantity) are just a few examples of sources of discrepancies. A complete redesign of the process has been suggested, which will allow us to eliminate virtually all of the errors and, at the same time, significantly reduce the number of clerks needed in purchasing, receiving, and accounts payable. This redesign promises to significantly reduce costs, decrease lead time, and increase customer satisfaction. c. MANAGER: This overhead cost report indicates that we have spent significantly more on inspection, purchasing, and production than was budgeted. An investigation has revealed that the source of the problem is faulty components from suppliers. A supplier evaluation has revealed that by selecting five suppliers with the best quality records (out of 15 currently used), the number of defective components will be dramatically reduced, thus producing significant overhead savings by reducing the demand for inspections, reordering, and rework. d. MANAGER: A large local firm has approached me and has offered to sell us one of the components used in our small enginesa component that we are currently producing internally. I need to know costs that we would avoid if this component is purchased so that I can assess the economic merits of this offer. e. MANAGER: Currently, our deluxe lawn mower is losing money. We need to increase profits. I would like to know how much our profits would be if we reduce our variable costs by 50 per mower while maintaining our current sales volume. Also, marketing claims that if we increase advertising expenditures by 1,000,000 and cut prices by 15 percent, we can increase the number of mowers sold by 25 percent. I would like to know which approach offers the most profit, or if a combination of the approaches may be best. f. MANAGER: We are implementing a major quality improvement program. We will be increasing the investment in prevention and detection activities with the expectation of driving down both internal and external failure costs. I expect to see trend reports for all categories of quality costs. I want to see if improving quality really does reduce costs and improve profitability. g. MANAGER: Our engineering design department has proposed a new design for our product. The new design promises to reduce post-purchase costs and, as a consequence, increase market share. I need to know the cost of producing this new design because it uses some new components and requires some different manufacturing processes. I would then like to have a projected income statement based on the new market share and new production costs. The planned selling price will be the same, or maybe even 10 percent lower. Projections based on the two price scenarios would be needed. h. MANAGER: My engineers have said that by redesigning our two main production processes, we can reduce move time by 90 percent and wait time by 85 percent. This would decrease cycle time and virtually eliminate the need to carry finished goods inventories. On-time deliveries would also increase dramatically. This would produce cost savings of nearly 20,000,000 per year. Market share and revenues would also increase. Required: 1. Describe each of the four managerial responsibilities. 2. Identify the managerial activity or activities applicable for each scenario, and indicate the role of accounting information in the activity.The New York Division of Ram Co. currently earns an ROI of 18%. The department manager is considering a new project, which requires a $100,000 investment in operating assets and generates a net operating income of $16,000. Assume that the company’s minimum required rate of return is 14%. Which of the following statement is true? a)If the manager is evaluated based on ROI, she will make the new investment because it increases the department’s ROI by 2%. b)If the manager is evaluated based on ROI, she will make the new investment because it generates an ROI that is 2% greater than the company’s minimum required rate of return. c)If the manager is evaluated based on residual income, she will make the new investment because it increases the department’s residual income by $2,000. d)If the manager is evaluated based on residual income, she will not make the new investment because it decreases the department’s residual income by $2,000.Lucas is the X Division manager and his performance is evaluated by executive management based on Division ROI. The current controllable margin for X Division is P46,000. Its current operating assets total P210,000. The division is considering purchasing equipment for P40,000 that will increase sales by an estimated P20,000, with annual depreciation of P10,000. If the equipment is purchased, what is the new ROI (round-off the final answer to one decimal places)?
- The president is considering a proposals prepared by members of his staff. For next year, the sales manager would to increase the unit selling price by 20%, increase the sales commission by 9%, and increase advertising by $100,00. Basaed on marketing studies, he is confident this would increase unit sales by one third. What profits would be under the sales manager's proposal? include both Total and Per Unit columns.The president is considering two proposals prepared by members of his staff, For next year, the sales manager would to increase the unit selling price by 20%, increase the sales commission by 9%, and increase advertising by $100,00. Basaed on marketing studies, he is confident this would increase unit sales by one third. what profits would be under the sales manager's proposal?Q4. As a manager you are presented with a $10,000 investment opportunity that will yield $1,600 in additional operating income. The manager’s division is currently operating at 17% ROI. If the company’s minimum acceptable return is 15%, what will happen to the company’s residual income if the investment is accepted by the manager? A. It will increase by $1,500 B. It will increase by $1,600 C. It will increase by $100 D. It will increase by $200 Answer: _________
- The manager for a growing firm is considering the launch of a new product. If the product goes directly to market, there is a 50 percent chance of success. For $155,000 the manager can conduct a focus group that will increase the product’s chance of success to 65 percent. Alternatively, the manager has the option to pay a consulting firm $345,000 to research the market and refine the product. The consulting firm successfully launches new products 80 percent of the time. If the firm successfully launches the product, the payoff will be $1.9 million. If the product is a failure, the NPV is zero. Calculate the NPV for each option available for the project. (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answers in dollars, not millions of dollars.) Which action should the firm undertake? multiple choice Go to market now Consulting firm Focus groupThe marketing manager has proposed a commission of $8 per unit. In exchange, the staff would accept a decrease in their salaries of $27,000 per month(this is the company's savings for the entire sales staff). They predict the incentive would increase monthly sales by 100 units. What should be the overall effect on the company's monthly net operating income of this change?Betsy Union is the Pika Division manager and her performance is evaluated by executive management based on Division ROI. The current controllable margin for Pika Division is $46,000. Its current operating assets total $210,000. The division is considering purchasing equipment for $40,000 that will increase sales by an estimated $10,000, with annual depreciation of $10,000. If the equipment is purchased, what will happen to the return on investment for the division?