When forming a bond, which ion will aluminum form? A. -5 ion B. 3 ion C. +3 ion D. +5 ion Which element is a member of the halogen tamily? А. В В. I С. S D. K 7. Helum rarely combines with other elements. Chemists have placed helum on the tar right end of the periodic table to allow it to be in the same column as the A. nonmetals. B. noble gases. C. metalloids. D. metals. 8. 9. Why are the noble gases inert? A. Nobel gases readily form positive ions. B. Nobel gases readily form negative lons. C. The outermost energy level of the noble gases is full. D. The outermost energy level of the noble gases is missing one electron. How are ions formed trom atoms? A. Atoms either lose protons, forming lons with positive chargesOraain nrotons formina ions with negative cargs

When forming a bond, which ion will aluminum form? A. -5 ion B. 3 ion C. +3 ion D. +5 ion Which element is a member of the halogen tamily? А. В В. I С. S D. K 7. Helum rarely combines with other elements. Chemists have placed helum on the tar right end of the periodic table to allow it to be in the same column as the A. nonmetals. B. noble gases. C. metalloids. D. metals. 8. 9. Why are the noble gases inert? A. Nobel gases readily form positive ions. B. Nobel gases readily form negative lons. C. The outermost energy level of the noble gases is full. D. The outermost energy level of the noble gases is missing one electron. How are ions formed trom atoms? A. Atoms either lose protons, forming lons with positive chargesOraain nrotons formina ions with negative cargs

Chemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781133611097

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl

Chapter8: Bonding: General Concepts

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 148CP

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Consider an ionic compound, MX3, composed of generic metal M and generic gaseous halogen X. The enthalpy of formation of MX3 is ΔHf∘=−965 kJ/mol. The enthalpy of sublimation of M is ΔHsub=123 kJ/mol. The first, second, and third ionization energies of M are IE1=557 kJ?mol, IE2=1751 kJ/mol, and IE3=2731 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X is ΔHEA=−339 kJ/mol The bond energy of X2 is BE=235 kJ/mol. Determine the lattice energy of MX3.
Consider an ionic compound, MX3, composed of generic metal M and generic gaseous halogen X. The enthalpy of formation of MX3 is Δ?∘f=−925 kJ/mol. The enthalpy of sublimation of M is Δ?sub=175 kJ/mol. The first, second, and third ionization energies of M are IE1=579 kJ/mol, IE2=1677 kJ/mol, and IE3=2479 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X is Δ?EA=−369 kJ/mol. (Refer to the hint). The bond energy of X2 is BE=179 kJ/mol. Determine the lattice energy of MX3.
Imagine a metallic element had been discovered and was named "Gondolium" (Gn).Gn was found to exhibit chemistry like that of an alkaline earth. Gn(s) + F2(g) → GnF2(s) Lattice energy for GnF2 -1950. kJ/mol First Ionization energy of Gn 450. kJ/mol Second Ionization energy of Gn 855 kJ/mol Electron affinity of F -327.8 kJ/mol Bond energy of F2 154 kJ/mol Enthalpy of sublimation (atomization) of Gn 195 kJ/mol Use the above data to calculate ΔH°f for gondolium fluoride.
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Suppose a chemist discovers a new metallic element and names it "Xtrinsium" (Xt). Xt exhibits chemical behaviour similar to an alkaline earth. Xt(s) + F2(g) → XtF2(s) Lattice energy for XtF2 -2360. kJ/mol First Ionization energy of Xt 520. kJ/mol Second Ionization energy of Xt 936 kJ/mol Electron affinity of F -327.8 kJ/mol Bond energy of F2 154 kJ/mol Enthalpy of sublimation (atomization) of Xt 180. kJ/mol Use the above data to calculate ΔH°f for Xtrinsium fluoride.
Consider the following information. The enthalpy of formation of SrO is Δ?∘f =−592.0 kJ/mol. The enthalpy of sublimation of Sr is Δ?sub =164.4 kJ/mol. The first and second ionization energies of Sr are IE1=549 kJ/mol and IE2=1064 kJ/mol. The first electron affinity of O is Δ? EA1=−142 kJ/mol. The bond energy of O2 is BE =498 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of SrO is Δ? lattice=−3217 kJ/mol. Determine the second electron affinity of O.
Explain why valence electrons are more important than core electrons in determining the reactivity and bonding in atoms?
Consider an ionic compound, MX2, composed of generic metal M and generic, gaseous halogen X. The enthalpy of formation of MX2 is ΔHf∘=−975 kJ/mol. The enthalpy of sublimation of MM is ΔHsub=133 kJ/mol. The first and second ionization energies of MM are IE1=751 and IE2=1412 The electron affinity of X is Δ?EA=−323Kj/mol The bond energy of X2 is BE=203 kJ/mol. Determine the lattice energy of MX2.
Suppose a chemist discovers a new metallic element and names it "Xhaustium" (Xh).Xh exhibits chemical behaviour similar to an alkaline earth. Xh(s) + F2(g) → XhF2(s) Lattice energy for XhF2 -2140. kJ/mol First Ionization energy of Xh 310. kJ/mol Second Ionization energy of Xh 589 kJ/mol Electron affinity of F -327.8 kJ/mol Bond energy of F2 154 kJ/mol Enthalpy of sublimation (atomization) of Xh 150. kJ/mol Use the above data to calculate ΔH°f for Xhaustium fluoride. Your answer must be accurate and precise to the nearest 1 kJ/mol, as are the given parameters.
7.17 Coulombic forces are often used to explain ionic bonding. Are coulombic forces involved in covalent bonding as well? Explain.
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Think of forming an ionic compound as three steps (this is a simplification, as with all models): (I) removing an electron from the metal; (2) adding an electron to the nonmetal; and (3) allowing the metal cation and nonmetal anion to come together. a. What is the sign of the energy change for each of these three processes? b. In general, what is the sign of the sum of the first two processes? Use examples to support your answer. c. What must be the sign of the sum of the three process d. Given your answer to part c, why do ionic bonds occur? e. Given your above explanations, why is NaCl stable but not Na2Cl? NaCl2? What about MgO compared to MgO2? Mg2O?