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Variance Analysis
In layman's terms, variance analysis is an analysis of a difference between planned and actual behavior. Variance analysis is mainly used by the companies to maintain a control over a business. After analyzing differences, companies find the reasons for the variance so that the necessary steps should be taken to correct that variance.
Standard Costing
The standard cost system is the expected cost per unit product manufactured and it helps in estimating the deviations and controlling them as well as fixing the selling price of the product. For example, it helps to plan the cost for the coming year on the various expenses.
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- Use the internet to research one manufacturing, one retail (or merchandising), and one service business. For each business, describe the following: A. the primary purpose of the entity B. the types of activities that accountants would record (hint: what is the source of the business funding, and what costs might the business have?) C. the types of decisions that might be made in this organization and how financial and nonfinancial information might help the decision-making processWhich of the following is true about earnings management? A. It works within the constraints of GAAP. B. It works outside the constraints of GAAP. C. It tries to improve stakeholders views of the companys financial position. D. Both B and C E. Both A and CChoose the incorrect statement:a.) The objective of the external financial statements is to communicate the economic effects of completed transactions and other events on the entity.b.) The practice of accounting requires considerable professional judgment.c.) Security analysis use information form financial statements and other sources to projects future earnings.d.) The assessment of earning quality has become an exact science.
- 1.Indicate whether the following statements about the conceptual framework are true or false. If false, provide a brief explanation supporting your position. (a) Accounting rule-making that relies on a body of concepts will result in useful and consistent pronouncements. True (b) General-purpose financial reports are most useful to company insiders in making strategic business decisions. False (c) Accounting standards based on individual conceptual frameworks generally will result in consistent and comparable accounting reports. False (d) Capital providers are the only users who benefit from general-purpose financial reporting. False (e) Accounting reports should be developed so that users without knowledge of economics and business can become informed about the financial results of a company. False (f) The objective of financial reporting is the foundation from which the other aspects of the framework logically result. TrueWhich of the following statements about a firm's financial statements is true? a. An income statement helps a small business owner know the financial strengths and capabilities of the business—something that cannot be known in any other way. b. Small business owners tend to pay close attention to the firm's income statement, but much less attention to the balance sheet. c. A mistake that many small business owners is viewing the balance sheet and income statement as complements of each other rather than treating them as separate reports. d. None of these are correct.Indicate whether the following statements about the conceptual framework are true or false. If false, provide a brief explanation supporting your position. a. Accounting rule-making that relies on a body of concepts will result in useful and consistent pronouncements. b. General-purpose financial reports are most useful to company insiders in making strategic business decisions. c. Accounting standards based on personal conceptual frameworks generally will result in consistent and comparable accounting reports. d. Capital providers are the only users who benefit from general-purpose financial reporting. e. Accounting reports should be developed so that users without knowledge of economics and business can become informed about the financial results of a company. f. The objective of financial reporting is the foundation from which the other aspects of the framework logically result.
- PROBLEM Below is a list of the qualitative characteristics identified in FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2. Following the list is a series of descriptive phrases. a. feedback value b. relevance c. decision usefulness d. reliability e. comparability f. predictive value g. varifiability h. consistency i. representational faithfulness j. timeliness k. neutrality _____ 1. When information can make a difference in a decision. _____ 2. Making information available when it is needed. _____ 3. When accounting policies and procedures are unchanged from period ro period. _____ 4. When information is verifiable and neutral. _____ 5. Occurs when the measurement results can be duplicated. _____ 6. The overall qualitative characteristics accounting information should possess. _____ 7. When information enables decision makers to confirm prior expectations. _____ 8. When accounting information is reported the same way by different companies. Required: Match each characteristic…Financial statements should reflect a true and fair view of the business. what is meant by this statement by explaining thequalitative characteristics of financial statements? “True” of “False”:(5)Q.1.3.1 Management accountants use IFRS to prepare financial statements Q.1.3.2 One of the essential functions of management is controlling Q.1.3.3 The general ledger is a table used to summarise similar transactionsso as to facilitate fewer postings into the bookkeeping systemQ.1.3.4 According to the business entity rule, the books of account of abusiness may reflect the personal affairs or wealth of the owneroutside of the businessQ.1.3.5 The formal bookkeeping system is always done manually by theowner of the businessDiscuss the four basic Assumptions that underline the financial Accounting Structures with example. b) Match the qualitative characteristics below with the following statements. I. Relevance VI. Comparability II.Faithful representation VII.Completeness III. Predictive value VIII.Neutrality IV.Confirmatory value IX.Timeliness V. Free from error X. Understandability (i) Quality of information that permits users to identify similarities in and differences between two sets of economic phenomena. (ii) Having information available to users before it loses its capacity to influence decisions. (iii) Information about an economic phenomenon that has value as an input to the processes used by capital providers to form their own expectations about the future.
- A friend asks you about whether GAAP requires companies to disclose forecasts of financial variables to external users. She thinks that information could be very useful to investors.Required:1. What are the two primary qualitative characteristics of accounting information?2. Does GAAP routinely require companies to disclose forecasts of financial variables to external users? Indicate yes or no and explain how your answer relates to the qualitative characteristics of accounting information.Why should an individual learn to read and interpret financial statements?(a) Understanding financial statements will guarantee at least a 20% return on investments.(b) An individual need not learn to read and interpret financial statements because auditors offer a report indicating whether the company is financially sound or not.(c) Learning to read and interpret financial statements will enable individuals to gain employment.(d) Individuals cannot necessarily rely on auditors and management of firms to offer honest information about the financial well-being of firms.Indicate whether the following statements about the conceptual framework are true or false. If false, provide a brief explanation supporting your position. a. The fundamental qualitative characteristics that make accounting information useful are relevance and verifiability. b. Relevant information only has predictive value, confirmatory value, or both. c. Information that is a faithful representation is characterized as having predictive or confirmatory value. d. Comparability pertains only to the reporting of information in a similar manner for different companies. e. Verifiability is solely an enhancing characteristic for faithful representation. f. In preparing financial reports, it is assumed that users of the reports have reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities.