"When the average cost pricing by mode (ACM) rule is used, prices are equal to the sum of financial costs of that mode divided by its total volume"+ Is this pricing approach efficient? If yes, then explain why. If it is not efficient,+ what are major drawbacks of this pricing rule and how they can be corrected?-
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- In 1896, Colgate dental cream was introduced in tubes similar to those we use now. Today, the Colgate-Palmolive Company’s brand of toothpaste is the best-selling toothpaste in the world (ahead of the Crest brand marketed by Procter & Gamble, which was introduced in 1955). While Colgate and Crest enjoy the lion’s share of the toothpaste market, if you view the oral care shelf at your local drugstore or supermarket, you will find over a hundred different varieties of toothpaste. Colgate alone sells over 40 different varieties that are marketed under names ranging from Shrek Bubble Fruit to Colgate Total Advanced Whitening. The high level of product differentiation in the toothpaste market stems from firms introducing new varieties in an attempt to boost their economic profits. In environments where makers of other brands (such as Crest) can easily enter profitable segments of the market, a profitable strategy is to attempt to quickly cover that segment (introducing Shrek Bubble…Suppose that, prior to other firms entering the market, the maker of a new smartphone (Way Cool, Inc.) earns $80 million per year. By reducing its price by 60 percent, Way Cool could discourage entry into “its” market, but doing so would cause its profits to sink to −$2 million. By pricing such that other firms would be able to enter the market, Way Cool’s profits would drop to $30 million for the indefinite future. In light of these estimates, do you think it is profitable for Way Cool to engage in limit pricing? Is any additional information needed to formulate an answer to this question? Explain.What is a two-part tariff? Why do firms sometimes use them? What is an example of a firm that uses a two-part tariff as part of its pricing strategy?
- You are the manager of a monopoly. A typical consumer's inverse demand function for your firm's product is P = 250- 4Q, and your cost function is TC = 10Q. A. MC is fixed and is equal to $10 (MC=AC=S). MR=250-8Q. (P=price, Q=quantity of output, TC=total cost, MC=marginal cost, MR=marginal revenue, S=supply) What price the company should choose to get maximum profit if the company will use ordinary pricing strategy? Now suppose the company is thinking about using price discrimination for lower income group of customers. If the company will offer discount of $30 in price to the lower income groups how much additional profit will the company earn? Illustrate graphically. Explain the conditions needed to apply the price discrimination strategy?There are two soda firms Pepsi and Coke in Bertrand completion . They face demand with the following features: If their price is the lowest Q = 40-.5P, if their price is the same they face demand of half of the market, and if their price is the higher they face demand of zero. Both firms have a marginal cost of 10. Describe each firms reaction functions and the equilibrium price and quantity for each firm. Show your work and clearly mark your answers. Request: Please provide a graph if applicable and don't provide the handwritten answer. Thank you! Your help is much appreciated!In the late 1990s, Vanguard Airlines operated as a low-cost carrier, offering low prices and limited services, out of Kansas City, Missouri. Not long after its inception, Vanguard began offering a significant number of flights based out of Midway International Airport in Chicago, Illinois, as well. When Vanguard expanded to Midway, incumbent airlines, such as Delta, quickly responded to its low fares by offering many competing flights at comparably low prices. The intense price competition ultimately caused Vanguard to exit Midway in 2000 and file for bankruptcy in 2002. At varying points in time, the airline industry has been described as a contestable market; does the example of Vanguard support or refute this characterization of the airline industry? Explain
- UCOM is able to purchase an exclusive right to sell a soccer channel (SC) in its market area. Let's assume that UCOM pays $150,000 a year for the exclusive marketing rights to SC. Since UCOM has already installed cable to all of the homes in its market area, the marginal cost of delivering Soccer Channel to subscribers is zero. The manager of UCOM needs to know what price to charge for the Soccer Channel service to maximize her profit. Before setting price, she hires an economist to estimate demand for the Soccer channel service. The economist discovers that there are two types of subscribers who value soccer. First are the 4,000 die-hard soccer fans who will pay as much as $150 a year for the new soccer channel. Second, the soccer channel will appeal to about 20,000 occasional TV viewers who will pay as much as $20 a year for a subscription to soccer channel. What is the deadweight loss associated with the non-discriminating pricing policy compared to the price discriminating…Caroline and Frances are debating the pricing strategy of several airlines. Caroline argues, “When airlines restrict discounted tickets to people who book well in advance and stay over on a Saturday, it is not price discrimination, because the restrictions have nothing to do with individual buyers' willingness to pay.” However, Frances says, “The airlines' stay-over restrictions are a form of price discrimination, because they roughly split the market into two separate groups that are willing to pay two different amounts.” Economists generally agree with who?Consider the welfare effects when the industry operates under a competitive market versus a monopoly. On the monopoly graph, use the black points (plus symbol) to shade the area that represents the loss of welfare from a monopoly, or deadweight loss. That is, show the area that was formerly producer surplus or consumer surplus and now does not accrue to anybody. Deadweight loss occurs when a monopoly controls a market because the resulting equilibrium is different from the competitive outcome, which is efficient. In the following table, enter the price and quantity that would arise in a competitive market; then enter the profit-maximizing price and quantity that would be chosen if a monopolist controlled this market. Market Structure Price Quantity (Dollars) (Hot dogs) Competitive Monopoly Given the summary table of the two different market structures, you can infer that, in general, the price is higher under a (competitive market or…
- In one paragraph, explain the pricing factor of competitor pricing. Why does what the competitors charge affect pricing? Consider that some companies charge more or less as the competition for the same product.Suppose that you are a manager for a firm like EBC Brakes, which manufactures brakes for automobiles and motorcycles. Your company has two plants, one in the United States and the other in the United Kingdom. The following tables include estimated demand and marginal revenue for your brakes, along with the marginal costs at the two factories. what quantity and price maximize your firms profit? What is the profit – maximizing number of brakes produced in the U.S. plant? In the U.K. plant? Quantity Demanded (brakes per hour) Price (dollars per brake) Quantity Produced in the U.K. plant (brakes per hour) Quantity Produced in the U.S. (brakes per hour) Total Quantity Produced Marginal Cost (dollars per brake) Marginal Revenue (dollars per brake) 104 196 47 42 89 66 92 105 195 48 44 92 68 90 106 194 49 46 95 70 88 107 193 50 48 98 72 86 108 192 51 50 101 74 84 109 191 52 52 104…What is the logic behind “cost plus mark up” pricing scheme? Please explain the greatest weakness of this pricing scheme?