Where did the 5' 7-methyl-guanosine caps present on influenza virus messenger RNA (MRNA) transcripts originate?

Q: What are the two basic types of transposons?

A: Transposable element is otherwise known as transposons and they are characterized by the DNA segment…

Q: What are the nucleotides of the mRNA from gene Z?

A: The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA, RNA to protein synthesis is called central dogma.…

Q: How do we know that intergenic exchange occurs in bacteriophages?

A: Bacteriophages are the type of viruses which infects the bacteria and have a DNA or RNA molecule in…

Q: What are Effects of deletions in the β-globin gene ?

A: β-globin locus includes five genes that are located on a short region of the chromosome-11. It is…

Q: What process would be affected by the lack of the en- zyme RNA polymerase?

A: DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acids present in living beings.

Q: Which are the three types of RNA polymerases transcribe genes in Kukaryotes?

A: Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is…

Q: How do the intergenic regions (IRs) of Ebola virus differ from those in the rabies virus genome?

A: Ebola, also referred to as Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral…

Q: How did the back mutation in hisG affect the protein produced by this gene?

A: Back mutation or backward mutation is a kind of mutation which leads to reversion of the mutated…

Q: How does ribosomal frameshifting allow for two different proteins to be translated from the same…

A: Ribosomal frameshifting is the process in the translation step where multiple copies of proteins are…

Q: What are the two enzymatic functions of reverse transcriptase?

A: Enzymes are the biocatalyst that catalyzes the biochemical reactions or processes by lowering the…

Q: What proportion of exons are repeated sequences in the human genome? Is 38% surprising?

A: Human Genome is comprised of  only 1.1%  exons of the total, whereas 24% is in introns, and the…

Q: What is expressed sequence tag (EST)?

A: The sequencing of the genome from different organisms has been performed for many years due to many…

Q: Is the mutation in the sickle cell gene a point mutation or a frameshift mutation?

A: Point mutations are a large category of mutations that describe a change in single nucleotide of…

Q: How might a single base pair difference about 100 bases before the start codon of the CFTR gene…

A: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that occurs due to mutated gene in chromosome 7 in human…

Q: How were the specific sequences of triplet codes determined experimentally?

A: The DNA genetic code comprises a set of rules and instructions to obtain proteins and molecules…

Q: What is its functional difference with the RNA polymerases found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic…

A: RNA polymerase is an enzyme that helps in DNA dependent RNA synthesis. RNA polymerase catalyzes the…

Q: Do the antibiotic-resistant mutants arise in response to the presence of the antibiotic?

A: A mutation is the alteration of the DNA sequence that changes the normal functioning of the DNA.…

Q: What is claudin16 gene

A: Claudin 16 is a protein which belongs to the family of claudin proteins, it is encoded by the CLDN16…

Q: How common is dup15q?

A: Dup15q:- Is characterized by having an extra copy of a portion  of chromosome 15[partial trisomy] in…

Q: What are the three different RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes and what types of genes do they…

A: Central dogma of molecular biology:   It states that the DNA which contains the genes are…

Q: Why is bacteriophage Mu mutagenic, and whatfeatures are necessary for Mu to insert into DNA?

A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…

Q: What types of sequences do eukaryote genomes have and how do these sequences differ from prokaryotic…

A: Eukaryotic genome : - they contain one or more linear DNA chromosomes. - in nucleus, they have…

Q: How do we know if a genomic DNA sequence contains aprotein-coding gene?

A: Only about 1% of DNA contains protein-coding genes; the remaining 99 percent is noncoding. Noncoding…

Q: why is the HbS mutation so prevalent in Africa and in some other regions?

A: A severe hereditary form of anemia is named Sickle cell anemia. It is generated by the mutation,…

Q: What is unusual about the replication mechanism of theMu genome?

A: Phage Mu is a member of the family Myoviridae, with an icosahedral head and contractile tail. The…

Q: How do these fragments relate to the three-dimensional structure of whole IgG molecules?

A: Introduction: The immune system is a complex cell/tissue network that protects our body from any…

Q: What structural change occurs in the DNA when an “open” transcription initiation complex is formed?

A: When an “open” transcription initiation complex is formed then this leads to the…

Q: The bacteriophage genome consists of many genes encoding proteins that make up the head, collar,…

A: Bacteriophages are the group I viruses that have double-stranded DNA as their genome.

Q: What would be the phenotype of an E. coli strain in which the tandem tryptophan codons in the leader…

A: The set of genes controlled by a single promoter or regulatory sequence associated with that…

Q: Why is a short RNA primer needed for replication?

A: The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the double-stranded molecule that is the genetic material in most…

Q: Why aren’t primary rRNA transcripts present in wild-type E. coli?

A: E.coli is a gram negative, faculatative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus…

Q: Why might the locations of introns and exons be the same in both alpha- and beta-hemoglobin genes?

A: Exons are RNA and DNA nucleotide sequences that are conserved and that are important for the…

Q: Compare the reovirus genome to those of influenzavirus and bacteriophage MS2. Why do…

A: Reoviridae family of viruses has a wide range of hosts which include invertebrates, vertebrates,…

Q: How many tailed bacteriophages are there, and where are they located?

A: According to the question, we have to mention the number of the tailed bacteriophages and where they…

Q: What role did restriction endonucleases play in localizing the gene associated with cystic fibrosis?

A: The gene responsible for cystic fibrosis was isolated from restriction endonuclease digests.

Q: What are frame-shift insertion?

A: Mutations are changes that occurs in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, either due to…

Q: Are pseudogenes introns?

A: The DNA is the genetic material that is passed from one generation to the next generation. It is…

Q: Do viruses have transposable elements?

A: BASIC INFORMATION TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS These are basically the DNA sequence. They have the ability…

Q: What is the RNA leader sequence?

A: RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a polymer of nucleotides and is composed of a pentose sugar, a nitrogen…

Q: Which are the two basic types of transposons?

A: Transposons are also known as jumping genes or transposable element.  It is a special type of…

Q: How were the experimentally derived triplet codon assignments verified in studies using…

A: MS2 refers to an icosahedral, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA (ribonucleic acid) virus that…

Q: From what DNA template strand was each of the following hnRNA base sequences transcribed?

A: hn RNA (heterogenous RNA ) in eukaryote transcribed from the DNA and it complementary of DNA…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.