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A: Answer--
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Which of the following can lead to cancer?
a. smoking
b. pollution
c. mutations of Rb and p53
d. All of the above.
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- Which of the following would improve an individual's ability to avoid cancer while aging?: a. decreases DNA repair accuracy during mitosisb. makes him smaller (e.g., fewer total cells)c. Increase the rate of mitosisd. increases his number of copies of p53e. all of the abovef. none of the aboveWhich of the following would improve an individual's ability to cancer while aging?: a. decreases DNA repair accuracy during mitosisb. makes him smaller (e.g., fewer total cells)c. Increase the rate of mitosisd. increases his number of copies of p53e. all of the abovef. none of the aboveWith regard to cancer cells, which of the following statementsare true?A. Cancer cells are clonal, which means they are derived from asingle mutant cell.B. To become cancerous, cells usually accumulate multiplegenetic changes that eventually result in uncontrolledgrowth.C. Most cancers are caused by oncogenic viruses.D. Cancer cells have lost the ability to properly regulate celldivision.
- Which of the following must scientists understand in order to create effective cancer treatments? Select all that apply. a why cancer is difficult to treat b where cancer originated c how cancer cells multiply d how cancer cells growWhich of the following mutations is MOST likely to cause cancer? A) a mutation that causes a cyclin gene to be expressed at all times during the cell cycle B) a mutation that causes an oncogene to be turned off so that no protein is made C) a mutation that causes a Cdk gene to be turned off so that no protein is made D) a mutation that causes a tumor suppressor gene to be over-expressedWhich of the following demonstrates the link between oncogenes and cancer? a.Oncogenes do not have mutations that increase the activity or number of molecules that stimulate mitosis. b.Oncogenes produce molecules that inhibit mitosis. c.They are genes that transform tumor cells into normal cells. d.The mutations in oncogenes increase the activity or number of molecules that stimulate mitosis, leading to irregular cell division.
- Which of the following is not a tumor suppressor gene? a.RET b.RB c.BRCA1 d.BRCA2As humans age, the rate of cell division _____, which is intended to _______. Select one: a. increases, decrease the risk of cancer b. Decreases, decrease the risk of cancer c. Increases, increase stem cell division d. Decreases, increase stem cell divisionWhich of the following is typical of cancer cells? A. The parent cell of the tumor contains a single mutation in a single checkpoint gene. B. Malignant cells migrate. C. Cancer cells lose the ability to divide. D. Products of oncogenes inhibit mitosis E. Benign tumors invade normal tissue.
- Why do stem cells that have been damaged prefer apoptosis over repairing the genome? a. Stem cells cannot repair the damaged genome b. The repair machinery is not perfect and therefore prone to make mistakes c. They don't d. None of the aboveFor cancer to occur in an individual which of the following must occur? a an accumulation of multiple mutations in many different cells b a deletion of part of a gene c an accumulation of multiple mutations in an individual cell d chromosomal segment deletions e triploidyThe refers to the potential that a stem cell has to give rise to many different cell types. A) Cellular Determination B) monopotency C) Cellular Differentiation D) Pleuripotency E) none of the above