Which of the following contain statements that are both correct? Aspartame triggers the cellular signaling cascade via activation of cAMP as secondary messenger. Primary role of non-nutritive sweeteners is to provide energy for the body. Increase in cAMP and IP3 levels promotes increase in intracellular Ca+2 ions. Phytochemicals that elicit sweet sensation are considered natural sweeteners. Each taste buds contain only one taste receptor cell type, which results to a predominant taste modality on specific tongue locations. In a 250g carbohydrate meal, a total of 1 kcal of energy is produced. Ligand binding to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) promotes the activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins. G-proteins are activated through direct phophorylation of GDP that is bound to the a-subunit.

Aspartame is an artificial sweetener. It first binds and activate a GPCR. The G-alpha bound to GTP ,…

Answered: Which of the following contain…

An Illustrated Guide To Vet Med Term

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305465763

Author:ROMICH

Publisher:ROMICH

Chapter13: Nerves Of Steel

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6CTE

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The secondary messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in many different signaling pathways, including the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway. Which of the following describes an advantage of using cAMP as a secondary messenger in cell signaling? It conserves energy because cAMP can be converted to ATP. It increases signaling specificity because protein kinase A, the direct effector of cAMP, has few substrates. It prolongs the signal because cAMP is chemically stable and persists for a long time after ligand dissociation. It amplifies the signal because one molecule of activated adenylyl cyclase can produce many molecules of cAMP.
Which of the following is the most accurate description of why bitter and sweet tastants are perceived differently? a. The receptors for these classes of compounds are expressed in different cells. b. The receptors activate distinct second messenger systems. c. Bitter receptors are coupled to a different G-protein than sweet receptors. d. These tastants activate different parts of the tongue. e. Bitter is an inhibitory response, sweetness is activation.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes what happens when an antagonist binds to a receptor? The antagonist binds non-covalently to the receptor and promotes internalisation of the receptor. Antagonist binding alters the structure of the receptor making it unable to function normally. At sufficiently high concentrations the antagonist can prevent the receptor from binding to its natural (endogenous) ligand. The antagonist-receptor complex binds to a heterotrimeric G protein forming a stable and inactive ternary complex.
Why does epinephrine bind its receptor in a different location than cortisol binds its receptor? A. The receptor binding site of epinephrine must be extracellular because the cell’s membrane is a barrier that prevents epinephrine from reaching any intracellular binding sites. B. The membrane blocks cortisol from entering the cell, therefore cortisol must bind the receptor on the cell’s extracellular surface. C. Cortisol easily passes through the cell’s plasma membrane. Therefore, the cortisol receptor is found intracellularly. D. Epinephrine can dissolve across the plasma membrane and bind its intracellular receptor. E. Both A&C F. Both B&D
The adaptive response to DNA damage is to increase levels of the polar signaling molecule, _____, which is a produced by cleaving the precursor _____. The signaling molecule interacts with _____, which is a membrane bound receptor. The membrane receptor triggers the production of secondary messenger cAMP. The outcome is increased synthesis of protective pigments. a) β-endorphin; pheomelanin; α-MSH; b) α-MSH; POMC; MC1R c) POMC; α-MSH; melanosome d) MC1R; folate; melanosome
Coat color in mammals is controlled by a hormone receptor called the melanocortin receptor. When this receptor is bound by the hormone MSH, pigment cells produce dark eumelanin. When the receptor is bound by an MSH antagonist that prevents MSH binding, pigment cells make yellow/red pheomelanin. In the Irish Setter, the overall red coat color could be due to a mutation in the a. receptor that prevents the antagonist from binding. b. receptor that prevents MSH from binding. c. MSH protein such that it binds the receptor more efficiently. d. antagonist such that it no longer binds to the receptor.
Which of the following is not correct about a second messenger system? A. The activating hormone interacts with a receptor site on the plasma membrane. B. The activating hormone activates an enzyme, most often adenylate cyclase C. Activated adenylate cyclase catalyzes the transformation of AMP to cyclic AMP D. Cyclic AMP causes the activation of protein kinase E. None of these are correct.
Compound C is a pharmaceutical agent that blocks AMPK activity. How might compound C influence adaptation following resistance exercise? How might compound C influence adaptation following endurance exercise? Be specific and remember this section is Molecular Signaling
Someone goes for a jog first thing in the morning and encounters a squadron of javelinas, causing a release of epinephrine. Some of this circulating epinephrine binds to a G-alpha-s coupled receptor (GPCR) on the surface of muscle cells. Which of the following would occur in the muscle cell as a result of this activation? Nitric oxide synthesis would increase. cyclic AMP (cAMP) activity would increase. Phospholipase C (PLC) would hydrolyze (cut) the molecule PIP2. The levels of adenylate cyclase activity would decrease. The levels of adenylate cyclase activity would decrease. Which ligand is CORRECTLY matched with its characteristic? Group of answer choices Glucagon: stimulates the activation of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway Nitric oxide (NO): must bind to its target protien withn a few seconds because NO degrades rapidly Steroid hormone: produces a response in its target cells within seconds Acetylcholine: hydrophobic molecule that binds to…
Testerone is a steriod (lipid) hormone. Which of the following would be the most likely receptor for this hormone? Select one: a. A transmembrane receptor in the cell membrane since it cannot diffuse across the cell membrane b. An intracellular receptor because it can diffuse across the cell membrane
What features are remarkable about steroid receptors? (Select all that apply) A. Steroid receptors are localized in the cytoplasm B. steroid receptors are localized in the plasma membrane C. steroid receptors can translocate to the nucleus D. steroid receptors represent the beginning of a signaling Cascade E. steroid receptors can also function as transcription factors
A patient presents with the chief complaint of being unable to perceive “saltiness,” but they can perceive other flavors. From the image below, you propose the following pathway changes for sour perceptions as an explanation for these symptoms: A. The channels for Na+ were damaged B. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are not functioning C. There is no neurotransmitter release D. The afferent nerve is damaged E. All the above are viable pathway changes that would uniquely prevent the perception of salty

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		Aspartame triggers the cellular signaling cascade via activation of cAMP as secondary messenger. Primary role of non-nutritive sweeteners is to provide energy for the body.
		Increase in cAMP and IP₃ levels promotes increase in intracellular Ca⁺² ions. Phytochemicals that elicit sweet sensation are considered natural sweeteners.
		Each taste buds contain only one taste receptor cell type, which results to a predominant taste modality on specific tongue locations. In a 250g carbohydrate meal, a total of 1 kcal of energy is produced.
		Ligand binding to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) promotes the activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins. G-proteins are activated through direct phophorylation of GDP that is bound to the a-subunit.