Which of the following defines a common resource? Select one: O a. They are excludable and rivalrous. O b. They ara nonexcludable and rivalrous. O c. They are excludable and nonrivalrous. O d. They are nonexcludable and nonrivalrous.
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- A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals to clear some of Sherwoods forest and grow com, but obtaining this additional economic output will have an environmental cost from reducing the number of trees. Table 12.11 shows possible combinations of economic output and environmental protection. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the number of trees, and the quantity of economic output, measured in corn, on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between T and R, decide which one is better. Why? In the choice between T and S, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is more likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice Q or S? Why?In the Land of Purity, there is only one form of pollution, called gunk. Table 12.14 shows possible combinations of economic output and reduction of gunk, depending on what kinds of environmental regulations you choose. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the percentage reduction of gunk, and with the quantity of economic output on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between K and L, can you say which one is better and why? In the choice between K. and N, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is move likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice L or M? Why?Radio stations, tornado sirens, light houses, and street lights are all public goods in that all are nonrivalrous and nonexclusionary. Therefore why does the government provide tornado sirens, street lights and light houses but not radio stations (other than PBS stations)?
- In the tradeoff between economic output and environmental protection, what do the combinations on the protection possibility curve represent?Suppose a city releases 16 million gallons of raw sewage into a nearby lake. Table 12.8 shows the total costs of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits of doing so. (Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits.) Using the information in Table 12.8, calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this city. See Production, Costs and Industry Structure if you need a refresher on how to calculate marginal costs. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? Why not just pass a law that films can emit zero sewage? After all, the total benefits of zero emissions exceed the total costs.Which of the following goods or services are nonexcludable? police protection streaming music from satellite transmission programs roads primary education cell phone service
- A non-rivalrous, non-excludable public good sells for p = 40 dollars per unit. Roommates A and B have marginal benefits for this public good given by mbA = 50 – q and mbB = 50 – q. How many units of this public good should the roommates purchase if they act cooperatively? Round final answers to 2 decimal places.A common resource is O rival and nonexcludable. O nonrival and nonexcludable. O rival and excludable. O nonrival and excludable.The tragedy of the commons refers to the: underproduction of public goods in economic markets. O underproduction of a common good. 4 O overuse of a rival but nonexcludable good. O overuse of a nonrival and nonexcludable good.
- Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion Why the market tends to fail when dealing with environmental issues? It is said many externalities in environmental economics have features that are similar to that of public goods. We know that the provision of some public goods such as lighthouse can be solved through the market rather effectively. What makes environmental goods such as clean air different from other public goods such as lighthouse? Why is it more difficult to solve the provision of clear air through the market?The “tragedy of the commons” is most likely to occur with which one of the following goods? Question 12Select one: a. A national forest b. A mineral ore deposit c. A public highway d. A city park e. A groundwater aquifer1. What is an example of a good that has become a public (or quasi-public) good due to technology? 2. Explain how technology has made this good non-rival in consumption or non-excludable. 3. Is there a free rider problem in the good you mentioned? How can the free rider problem be addressed in that example?