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- urgent 1.15. Consider the Supreme Court as an electorate of 9 members thatvotes yes-or-no on a variety of issues. It is customary for this electorateto use the simple majority method, and since 9 is an odd number, no tiescan result when no justices are absent. Imagine the following alternativemethod for determining Supreme Court decisions. The decision is affirmative whenever at least 3 of the first 5 justices vote to affirm. Otherwisethe decision is negative. This is just the bloc voting method, where thejustices form blocs of size 5, 1, 1, 1, and 1. (This method emulates whatwould occur if the first 5 justices were to agree to always vote as a blocand to decide among themselves how the bloc should rule.)(a) Is this method anonymous?(b) Is this method neutral?(c) Is this method monotone?(d) If you were one of the 4 justices not among the first 5, why wouldyou complain about this voting method?There were lots of similarities between Britain's system of government and that of the individual British colonies in North America. One difference, though, was that a far larger proportion of male residents experienced direct representation in theirlegislatures, rather than the "virtual representation" that most Britons experienced inEngland and Scotland. Why? 1.Because elections for office in the colonial legislatures were done by secretballot. 2.Because ownership of enough property to meet the property requirements forvoting was more common in the colonies than it was in Britain. 3.Because the colonists thought slavery, in both the political sense and actualslavery, was more wrong than did their British counterparts. 4.Because only enslaved people were prevented from having voting rights in the colonies.If the tax code exempts the first $20,000 of income from taxation and then taxes 25 percent of all income above that level, then a person who earns percent and a marginal tax rate of $50,000 has an average tax rate of percent. O 15, 25 O 25, 15 O 25, 30 O 30, 25
- 1.17. Jones and Smith are running for public office. There are 99 voters.(a) Suppose the rules say that Jones wins if she receives 50 or morevotes; otherwise Smith wins. Is this method neutral?(b) Suppose the rules say that a candidate wins if he or she receivesa number of votes that is between 60 and 89. (If neither candidategets a winning number of votes, then the election is a tie.) Is thismethod monotone?(c) Suppose the rules say that a candidate wins if he or she receives anodd number of votes. (If neither candidate gets a winning numberof votes, then the election is a tie.) Is this method decisive?(d) Suppose that the rules say that Smith wins the election no matterwhat. Is this method anonymous?4.1. The vote-for-two method works as follows: Candidates get apoint whenever a voter ranks them first or second. The candidate withthe most points is declared to be the winner (or if several candidates tiefor the most points, they are all declared to be winners).(a) Does the vote-for-two method satisfy the Condorcet criterion?(b) Does the vote-for-two method satisfy the anti-Condorcet criterion?(c) Does the vote-for-two method satisfy the Pareto property?(d) Is the vote-for-two method independent?part G H I 4.7. The instant recall method works as follows. If there is a candidatewith the majority of the first-place votes, that candidate is declaredthe unique winner. Otherwise, the candidate with the plurality of thefirst-place votes is eliminated from the slate and the process is repeatedamong the remaining candidates. (Ignore the possibility that there maybe a tie for plurality winner.) The method is inspired by the recall elections that are permitted for California gubernatorial elections, which ineffect leave a system where plurality winners lacking majority supportare recallable, and so the ultimate holder of the governor’s office, if theelectorate so chooses, is the first candidate able to withstand a recall(the first candidate to have majority support) after prior plurality winners are eliminated (i.e., recalled). Arnold Schwarzenegger took office inCalifornia via a recall election.(a) Does instant recall satisfy anonymity?(b) Does instant recall satisfy neutrality?(c)…
- Discuss thoroughly two of the principles often used inevaluating tax policy: ability to pay (includehorizontal and vertical equity), and the benefits principle. Canthese principles typically be satisfied simultaneously? Why or why not? Provide an example of a tax policy orinstrument which primarily emphasizes the “ability-to-pay”principle and also an example which primarily emphasizes the“benefits” principle.Approximately how many people are employed in the federal bureaucracy? O 1 million-1.4 million O 1.5 million -1.7 million O2 million-2.4 million O 2.5 million - 3 million. Wood, the receiver of Stanton Oil Company, suedStanton’s shareholders to recover dividends paid to themfor three years, claiming that at the time these dividendswere declared, Stanton was in fact insolvent. Wood didnot allege that the present creditors were also creditorswhen the dividends were paid. Were the dividendswrongfully paid? Explain
- 4.12. A social choice function satisfies the bottom criterion if, whenever a candidate is not at the bottom of the preference list of any voter,that candidate is a winner.(a) Does the plurality method satisfy the bottom criterion?(b) Does the antiplurality method satisfy the bottom criterion?(c) Explain why it is impossible for a social choice function with three ormore candidates to satisfy both the bottom criterion and the Paretocriterion.Using the figures below, construct a complete picture of the vicious circles of economic and politicalpoverty in South Africa or an African country of your choice, and outline the effects upon the poor andupon the state if the situation is not addressed by government and its public bureaucracy. If there is noreversal what would be the implications in respect of the possible collapse of the state through a popularuprising or rebellion. Discuss comprehensively, in terms of learnt theory and your observations. Inaddition to the politicians, is the bureaucracy also to blame? Can this situation be overcome? If so, how?If not, why not.10. A type of corruption where policy implementation skewed to the advantage of some is term........ a. Petty b. Systemic c. Grand d. Bureaucratic e. Bribery 11. How many new local government units have been created in Ghana since 2017? a. 260 b. 16 c. 275 d. 54 c. 90 12. When a policy provides tangible resources or substantive power to its beneficiaries on one hand and impose cost on others, it is a. Material and Symbolic b. Distributive and Regulatory c. Redistribute and Private d. Material and Regulatory e. Material Policy