Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the problem with using life expectancy as a measure of health? Though there used to be a strong relationship between income and life expectancy, these differences have all but disappeared with the spread of modern medicine to even the poorest countries. Increases in life expectancy in both developed and developing countries are driven by improvements in old- age health, so we do not get an accurate picture of child mortality. Life expectancy gives you the average for a country, but overlooks significant differences between groups within countries. Cross country differences in life expectancy at birth are much smaller than differences in life expectancy at age 15 since there are such large differences in old-age health across countries.
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- Atl Econ J (2013) 41:8991DOI 10.1007/s11293-012-9342-2ANTHOLOGYSocial Capital and Income Inequality in the UnitedStatesRati RamPublished online: 17 October 2012# International Atlantic Economic Society 2012Many scholars have explored in recent years various correlates and consequences ofsocial capital along with discussions of the concept. For example, relationship ofsocial capital with population happiness, health, income, economic growth, andhuman development has been researched by several scholars. However, very fewstudies have considered the relationship between social capital and income inequality.One exception to that is the recent work by Robison et al. (Journal of SocioEconomics, 2011) which proposed a theoretical link between social capital andincome distribution and conducted an empirical exploration for the U.S. states forthe census years 1980, 1990, and 2000. Their key measure of social capital wassomewhat narrowly focused on percent of households headed by a single female…If surgeons really have the ability to increase thedemand for surgeries, which kinds of surgerieswill be most affected? Can you think of a way todetermine which surgeries are unnecessary? Provide several examples from your own readings orexperience.Susan was frustrated. As chair of the school of nursing at the local university, she wantedher students to get used to using electronic health records. Ideally, these students wouldleave her program and be able to use their employer’s EHR system without any additionalorientation. Other campus health profession leaders had similar concerns. However, thefaculty found that within a 100-mile radius of the university, the area’s many hospitals andthree main healthcare systems all used different EHR vendors.The local healthcare systems promoted electronic health information. They were allconcerned about the safety and security of the records and the needs of their patients. Theywere also aware of the national push for system to integrate EHRs. In reality, however, therecords housed in the variety of systems could not be shared. The software was toodisconnected and dissimilar.Susan wondered what her next step should be. Which system should she adopt, ifany? How could she help move these…
- Do you think Canada's universal health care program can alleviate problems caused by moral hazard and adverse selection in the private insurance markets? Why or why not? John's utility curve over total wealth is given by U(W) =VW (i.e. square root of W). Suppose that he has a 50% chance of being healthy. If he is healthy, he gets all his wealth-$10,000. If he becomes sick, he only has $3,600 remaining after medical expenditures. Calculate John's wealth and utility when he does and does not get sick, his expected utility, expected wealth, and his expected loss. Now he has the option of buying health insurance Calculate the maximum amount John would be willing to pay to fully insure against the cost of the sickness. How much is the actuarially fair and risk premium? Suppose that society consists of large, equal numbers of identical male and identical female consumers. Male consumers are similar to John; female consumers differ only in that they face a 25% probability of being sick, but…Preventive care is not always cost-effective. Suppose that it costs $100 per person to administer a screening exam for a particular disease. Also suppose that if the screening exam finds the disease, the early detection given by the exam will avert $1,000 of costly future treatment. a. Imagine giving the screening test to 100 people. How much will it cost to give those 100 tests? Imagine a case in which 15 percent of those receiving the screening exam test positive. How much in future costly treatments will be averted? How much is saved by setting up a screening system? b. Imagine that everything is the same as in part a except that now only 5 percent of those receiving the screening exam test positive. In this case, how much in future costly treatments will be averted? How much is lost by setting up a screening system?Jackie moved to Spain to work for a public relations firm. She had health insurance from herprevious employer, but she was surprised to learn that her new employer in Spain did notoffer healthcare coverage. When she asked about this, she was told that more than 90percent of Spaniards use the public healthcare system, which was mostly free. However,her new employer did provide supplementary private health insurance that would allow herto receive quicker care from a private hospital if she desired.Jackie learned that she would be paying 4.7 percent of her salary and her employerwould pay 23.6 percent of her salary to the government for health insurance. She was given a Tarjeta Sanitaria Individual health card to prove that she had health insurance. With this,she could get free care at public hospitals and doctors’ offices. However, before seeing adoctor, she would need to register with a local primary care physician and decide whethershe would use public or private payment. If she needed…
- Jackie moved to Spain to work for a public relations firm. She had health insurance from herprevious employer, but she was surprised to learn that her new employer in Spain did notoffer healthcare coverage. When she asked about this, she was told that more than 90percent of Spaniards use the public healthcare system, which was mostly free. However,her new employer did provide supplementary private health insurance that would allow herto receive quicker care from a private hospital if she desired.Jackie learned that she would be paying 4.7 percent of her salary and her employerwould pay 23.6 percent of her salary to the government for health insurance. She was given a Tarjeta Sanitaria Individual health card to prove that she had health insurance. With this,she could get free care at public hospitals and doctors’ offices. However, before seeing adoctor, she would need to register with a local primary care physician and decide whethershe would use public or private payment. If she needed…The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted both the education and health system in most, if not all, nations in the world. The scarring effects of the pandemic are predicted to be long-lasting, some of which are the fear of learning-loss and lower future earnings for the current students. Provide evidence(s) that support and/or contradict this statement! If such scarring is expected to occur, would the scarring effects would be worse for the developing countries than the developed ones, and whether the effects would be worse for certain groups such as the poor, women, children, etc.!How do you draw a health production function with individuals receiving some health producing intervention as inputs and health benefits as outputs that shows declining returns in output. What does “declining returns” imply about the marginal health benefit per person served/treated along this production function? How does this relate to “specialization of inputs”? How about “selection to treatment”? If we assume that you have two distinct means of producing health (programs A & B) with identical PFs as you drew above. Given a fixed amount of inputs (e.g. ability to treat/serve some number of individuals), draw the production possibilities frontier curve for these two programs. What is an opportunity cost and how does it relate to the PPF curve? If our value the health benefits from both programs equally, what point (label as X) do you pick on the PPF curve and why? Suppose program A works best for children, and program B best for adults, and you value health…
- Explain how each of these situations will affect the quantity demanded of health insurance: d) New technologies that enable medical illness to be predicted more accurately. e) A tendency among buyers to become less risk, on average.An important distinction in health insurance is between the list price (PL) and out-of-pocket price (PP) of a medical good or service. The list price is the official price that the provider charges the insurance company, while the out-of-pocket price is the price that the insurance customer faces. Sometimes, the out-of-pocket price depends on the list price. d. Now assume the consumer is part of a partial insurance plan with a coinsurance provision. Her insurance pays 50% of all medical expenses. Consider again the relationship between PL and PP and plot a coinsurance plan demand curve in PL - Q space. Label this curve D3. e. Finally, assume the consumer is part of a partial insurance plan with a copayment provision. Her insurance pays all expenses above and beyond her copayment of $25 for each unit of Q. Consider again the relationship between PL and PP and plot a copayment-plan demand curve in PL - Q space. Label this curve D4.Match the term with its corresponding definition.___ Attributable risk___ Attributable risk percent___ Relative Risk___ Incidence rateA. Compares the incidence rate of the exposed to the incidence rate of theunexposed.B. The proportion of incidence cases among the exposed that are due to theexposure.C. The number of new cases of disease in a population divided by the total numberof persons in the population who were at risk for disease during a specified periodof time.D. The absolute difference in the incidence rate between the exposed and theunexposed.