Which of the following is INCORRECT? Select one: The route of antigen administration plays a role in determine its immunogenicity Subcutaneous antigen administration is the best route for immunization The dose of antigen administration plays a role in determine its immunogenicity Insufficient antigen administration always resulted in immune response generation

Q: The figure below shows antibodies bound to repetitive epitopes on the surface of a bacterial…

A: Answer: Antibody Antigen reaction : Antibodies are the peptide Y shaped structure which are produced…

Q: Which of the following statements is NOT true of a fever? a. Temperature is regulated by chemicals…

A: 1) Option E ( both c and d)  2) option B

Q: Which of the following is part of your specific immune response? Select one: a. Skin b. "Eating"…

A: Ans- c) B- Cells The immune response in humans is divided into two defensive cooperative systems…

Q: Which of the following statements are NOT TRUE about Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)? (Select all…

A: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) belongs to a special class of migratory cells that present antigen…

Q: Which of the following steps are part of the processing of antigen by immune cells? Select all that…

A: Answer. The events involved in the generation of peptide fragments from proteins inside cells, the…

Q: Which of the following occurs during an active immunization?   Effector and memory cells do not…

A: When a disease entity activates the immune system to generate antibodies against it, this is known…

Q: Which is/are false about innate and specific immunity?     B cells are part of the innate immune…

A: The first line of defense against non-self pathogens is the innate immune response. Its response…

Q: An important aspect of the immune system is the physical separation of the blood lymphatics,…

A: Blood:-  It is a transport medium that transports oxygen and nutrients to each and every tissue of…

Q: Match each of the listed characters below to the innate or adaptive immune system. 1) Fully formed…

A: 2) Includes barrier tissues and macrophages, among other defenses 4) Serves as the first line of…

Q: Which of the following defines a memory cell?   Microorganism that typically lives on the human body…

A: Primary response- the immune response that occurs during the body's first encounter with a…

Q: Discuss the difference between him oral and cell mediated immunity in terms of chemicals and cells…

A: Definition Humoral immunity refers to immunity mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular…

Q: n your own personal understanding, why are complements important in cellular and humoral mediated…

A: Cell-mediated immunity is where the body produces an immune response through activation of…

Q: A live vaccine (aka attenuated vaccine) contains  antibodies.   a pathogen that does not contain…

A: Vaccination is a way of providing immunity against a particular pathogen. The immune system fights…

Q: What is the first step in the antigen-antibody interaction? phagocytosis   agglutination…

A: The antigen-antibody interaction is one of the basic and fundamental mechanisms of host immunity. A…

Q: The antibody region that bind the antigen region with a high affinity is called: complementary…

A: Antibody, also called as immunoglobulin, is a protective protein produced by the immune system in…

Q: What is the first step in the antigen-antibody interaction? A.) opsonization B.) epitope production…

A: Out of all the options provided -  Option (A) is INCORRECT - Opsonization is the process of coating…

Q: Explain the clonal selection hypothesis. Use the autoimmune response, and immunological memory

A: Autoimmune response: It is a kind of immune response in which the body's immune system starts…

Q: Antibodies can bind specific antigens on ___, allowing for ___ by phagocytes like ___. Group of…

A: the correct answer is in next step.

Q: hich of the following is a set of immediate general defenses against infection present in all…

A: Ans- Adaptive immunity

Q: Which of the following are elements of the structure of antibodies? Select all that apply. The…

A: It is a large Y shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects.…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to fight multicellular…

A: Immunology is a section of biology that studies molecules, cells, and organs that build up the…

Q: What scenario best describes an autoimmune reaction? Group of answer choices The destruction of…

A: The destruction of donated RBC by the recipient immune system is a hemolytic transfusion reaction.…

Q: Draw a graph showing antibody response on primary and secondary exposure to an antigen.

A: The immune response is the body's reaction to a foreign particle that activates an individual's…

Q: Which of the following is INCORRECT Select one: Degradability is T cell requirement of…

A: The immune system of the body is involved in protecting the body against various pathogens. White…

Q: Immature B cells can drive strong adaptive immune responses by maturing into _______. Group of…

A: There is some information about B cells ; B cells are at the centre of the adaptive humoral immune…

Q: Immunity can be acquired in an active or passive way, and it can be natural or artificial. For this…

A: Immunity in simple terms refers to the ability of the body to fight external harmful pathogens or…

Q: Which of the following are similarities between B cells and T cells? S1 = They both recognize…

A: Following are some of the statements regarding B and T cells following of them are correct:-

Q: Which of the following is part of the second line of defense? a. Interferons b. Phagocytes c.…

A: The immune system shows immune response in three stages the first line of defence includes the…

Q: Which of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. Rig-I-like…

A: Innate Immune system It refers to the non-specific immunity that individuals are born with. It is…

Q: During a bone marrow transplant procedure it is possible that, if successful, the recipient may…

A: A bone marrow transplant is a technique through which unhealthy bone marrow is replaced by healthy…

Q: Which of the following is not a function of eosinophils? Phagocytosis Antigen presentation…

A: Eosinophils which are also known as the acidophils , are the white blood cells and are one of the…

Q: antibody surface involved in antigen binding varies depending on the size and nature of the antigen.…

A: Antibody: These are the Y shaped protein molecule which has capacity to bind or react with the…

Q: Select all of the following that are functions performed by different antibodies. a) Group of…

A: Functions performed by different antibodies:- c) Blocking the ability of a pathogen to bind to a…

Q: Which of the following statements are true about antibodies? I. They are produced by the B cells.…

A: Often our body fights against infections by producing certain molecules. These molecules called…

Q: If you are receiving Hepatitis B vaccine once a month for three consecutive months and a booster…

A: Vaccination is the process of adminstering vaccines to a person. A vaccine is a non-infective…

Q: An antibody binding to an antigen within the body can have which of the following outcomes that…

A: The term 'Antibody' defines certain proteins that circulate in the bloodstream and act against…

Q: Which of the following statements are true for antigen presentation.   a. Antigen presentation…

A: A foreign substance that invades the body and activates the immune system to release antibodies…

Q: Vaccines are given to provide protection against pathogen causing infections. Which of the following…

A: A pathogen is a disease-causing bacteria, virus, parasite, or fungus in the body. Each pathogen…

Q: nnate immunity:   Question 1 options:   A)  is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to…

A: The immune system works like a shield to our body by capturing and removing all the pathogens which…

Q: Which of the following are examples of innate immune responses? Select all that apply.   Fever   Gum…

A: Innate immune response is present since birth and consist of many factors that are relatively…

Q: Part of the complement system of defense is opsonization. This process  Group of answer choices…

A: Opsonization can be defined as a molecular mechanism that aims to identify invading particles with…

Q: Which of the following occurs during an active immunization? O A preparation of a specific antigen…

A: Active immunization: It is the immunization where the immune system of a person is triggered by…

Q: Which of the following is an INCORRECT match? Constant region - class of antibody O b. Fc region -…

A:

Q: Because they sometimes cross-react with antigens other than those being tested for, polyclonal…

A: Polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) are a combination of antibodies that are synthesized by various B cell…

Q: TRUE/FALSE Decide whether each of these statements is true or false, and then explain why. Because a…

A: -Antibodies can be described as immunoglobulins which are the large y-shaped proteins, they identify…

Q: A patient is hiking through Nepal and comes down with a case of diarrhea caused by cryptosporidium.…

A: An antibody is also known as the immunoglobulin is a large y-shaped protein which is used by immune…

Q: Clonal Selection Hypothesis is the most accepted theory for how immune cells respond to specific…

A: Clonal selection is a process of explanation about how single B and T cell ,that  recognise…

Q: Explain the difference between basic T cells and B cells as they relate to a vaccine. Additionally,…

A: Lymphocytes are the major components of the human immune system. T cells and B cells are the two…

Q: Draw a schematic diagram of a typical IgG molecule and label each of the following parts: H chains,…

A: Introduction: Antibodies are the antigen binding proteins present on the B-cell membrane and…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.