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- The Zoomland epidemic does not mimic a real epidemic in every respect. What is ONE way the Zoomland epidemic is not an entirely realistic simulation? A. In the Zoomland epidemic we could tell who had interacted with whom (contact tracing). In real life there is no way to do any contact tracing. B. In the Zoomland epidemic people interacted randomly with others. In real life people interact much more with some members of the population than others. C. In the Zoomland epidemic, transmission only occurred when a person came into contact with an infected person AND a suitable vector. In real life some diseases do not require a vector for successful transmission.The virus known as H1N1 (swine flu): a. has a high death rate b. has no reliable treatment c. has been harnessed by a vaccine d. occasionally infects people who have direct contact with birds e. is seldom transmitted person-to-personOne reason that pathogenic microorganisms have an advantage in the host they infect is because they _______. a. have previously been encountered through natural exposure b. have previously been encountered through vaccination c. strengthen the host’s immune response d. reproduce and evolve more rapidly than the host can eliminate them e. reproduce and evolve more slowly than the host can eliminate them.
- Based on the experience of the Philippines with the dengue vaccine, what can you conclude regarding the use of vaccines? choose the best answer. a. All aspects as on the long term effects of vaccines, its effect on children, pregnant women, effect to reproductive system, immediate side effects and many more should be analysed first. b. All vaccines have side effects, only few individuals should have them. c. Vaccines take time to be developed and studied for their effectivity and effects. d. Vaccines that were tested for decades could be trusted for its safety but still precaution should be observed. e. Vaccines should be tested for long period of time before allowing any individual to take the vaccine.Which of the following pairs id mismatched? A. Virologist – studies human immunodeficiency virus B. Microbial ecologist – studies bacteria that degrade oil C. Microbial physiologist – studies fermentation of sourdough bread D. Immunologist – studies ecology of Legionella pneumophilia Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. Chemotheraphy – treatment of disease B. Pathogen – disease causing C. Vaccine - preparation of microorganisms D. Normal microbiota – harmfulIf a disease X has a duration of 15 years and a low incidence (5 per 100,000 person-years). If another disease Y has a duration of 5 years and a low and low incidence (5 per 100,000 person years). If we compare disease X and Disease Y in the same population, we would expect: a) Better cure b) lower prevalence c) higher prevalence d) Higher incidence e) shorter duration
- Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is a. Flu vaccine is substantially weaker than the polio vaccine. b. The polio virus is substantially weaker than the flu virus. c. Exposure to flu vaccine produces no memory cells from proliferating B lymphocytes. d. The flu has several strains that change seasonally.A malaria vaccine has proved to be 77% effective in early trials and could be a major breakthrough against the disease, says the University of Oxford team behind it. Malaria kills more than 400,000 people a year, mostly children in sub-Saharan Africa. But despite many vaccines being trialled over the years, this is the first to meet the required target. The researchers say this vaccine could have a major public health impact. When trialled in 450 children in Burkina Faso, the vaccine was found to be safe, and showed "high-level efficacy" over 12 months of follow-up. Larger trials in nearly 5,000 children between the ages of five months and three years will now be carried out across four African countries to confirm the findings. Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through mosquito bites. Although preventable and curable, the World Health Organization estimates there were 229 million cases worldwide in 2019 and 409,000 deaths.…Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Epidemiologists need to focus on evidence and data concerning diseases or other health outcomes, and not on their personal opinions or beliefs b. Many of the historical figures in epidemiology did not have a formal background in epidemiology or public health c. It is not possible for epidemiologists to function in the absence of sophisticated computers, software, high speed internet, and well-equipped labs. d. In addition to understanding acute infectious diseases, epidemiology also examines risk factors for chronic and/or non-infectious health conditions including mental health issues, substance use, cancers, cardiovascular conditions, and the implications of trauma, violence, and systemic racism.
- Which of the following statements is false?a) A disease with a long incubation period might spread extensively before an epidemic is recognized.b) A person exposed to a low dose of a pathogen might not develop disease.c) The young and the aged are more likely to develop certain diseases.d) Malnourished populations are more likely to develop certain diseases.e) Herd immunity occurs when a population does not engage in a given behavior, such as eating raw fish, that would otherwise increase their risk of disease.Descriptive epidemiology characterizes the amount and distribution of disease within a population and enables the researcher to a. directly test etiologic hypotheses b. generate testable hypotheses regarding etiology c. evaluate trends in health and disease within a population d. examine whether an upcoming vaccine is effective and safe e. both a and b are correct f. both b and c are correctplease answer only all no explanation 9.Which of these IS/ARE the limitation/s of Social Epidemiology? (a) Differ in Social problems (b) Behavioural adaptations (c) Multifactorial causation 10. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve is usually drawn between (a) Sensitivity and specificity (b) (1-sensitivity) and specificity (c) Sensitivity and (1-specificity) (d) (1-sensitivity) and (1-specificity) 11.A screening test is not useful when (a) Incidence of the disease is high in the community (b) Incidence is low in the community (c) Early detection leads to a favourable outcome (d) The disease has a lead time 12.Uses of screening EXCEPT: (a) Case detection (b) Treatment purpose (c) Research purpose (d) Educational purpose 13. Which of the following is NOT related to a genetic disorder? (a) Environmental factors (b) Mutation (c) Mitochondria (d) Agent d) All of the above